Enlish Grammer

English

Lecture-01

Av‡jvP¨ welqt- Deteails Discussion on Sentence, Number, Gender.

Deteails

Sentence:- A word or a group of wards having a complete sense is called a sentence- A_©r GK ev GKvwaK kã wg‡j  e³vi g‡bi fve m¤úyY© iƒ‡c cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv‡K sentence e‡j|

‡hgb:     (a) Stand up

(b) He writes a letter

(c) Come or go

hvq †nvK GKwU sentence Gi `yBwU Ask|

(a)  Subject  (b) Predicate.

(a) Subject: ev‡K¨ hvi m¤ú‡K© wKQz ejv nq, Zv‡K Subject e‡j | †hgb: Sakib is a good player. GLv‡b mvwKe m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q †h mvwKe GKRb fv‡jv †L‡jvqvo|

(b) Predicate: ev‡K¨ Subject m¤ú‡K© hv wKQz ejv nq, Zv‡K Predicate e‡j| †hgb: Sakib is a good player. GLv‡b mvwKe m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q †h, mvwKe GKRb fv‡jv †L‡jvqvo| fv‡jv †L‡jvqvo Uv Predicate.

wKš‘  syntax ( Sentence Building) Abyhvqx Avgiv evK¨ mvR‡j cvB,  Sub+verb+Object/extension

Categories Of Sentence:

According to Meaning (A_© Abymv‡i) There are five kinds of sentence-

1. Assertive Sentence             2. Interrogative Sentence

3. Imperative Sentence          4. Optative Sentence

5. Exclamatory Sentence

1. Assertive sentence: Assertive sentence make a simple ststement of affairs, action, feeling, or belief. ‡h evK¨ Øviv †Kv‡bv wKQz‡K eY©bv Kiv ‡evSvq|

An Assertive Sentence may be divided into two kinds:

1. Affermative.            2. Negative.  

†hgb:  I know him.        I don’t know him

2. Interrogative sentence: It asks Questions. Gai‡bi evK¨ †Kv‡bv wKQz wRÁvmv Kiv nq| †hgb How r You? Why is he there?

3. Imperative sentence: It expresses command, advice request etc. Gai‡bi evK¨ Av‡`k, Dc‡`k, Aby‡iva BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i| †hgb - Come here, Don’t smoke.

4. Optative sentence: It expresses a wish or prayer etc. G ai‡bi ‡Kv‡bv AvbyôvwbK B”Qv ev Kvgbv cÖKvk K‡i| †hgb May Allah help you. Long live Bangladesh.

4. Exclamatory sentence: It expresses a sudden feeling or emotion. †hgb Alas! He is no more, What a tragic Dramma scene it was!

∆.  According to the number and nature of clauses in them. English sentence are generally divided into the three categories:-

1.Simple sentence:- Whene  a sentence consists of one subject and one predicate it is called simple sentence.( ai‡bi ev‡K¨ GKwU subject I GKwU predicate _v‡K|

†hgb:- has a nice car. The vegetables are fresh.

2. Compound Sentence:-  A sentence Which containes two or more independent clauses is called a compound sentence. †hgb:- Do or die. He is poor but happy.

3. Complex Sentence:- A sentence Which containes one independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. †hgb:- I know the man who came hre.

Number

Number  kãwU Øviv †Kv‡bvwKQzi msL¨v eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Avi Grammar Gi fvlvq †Kv‡bv e¨w³ e¯‘y ev cÖvbxi msL¨v eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A_v©r e¨w³ ev e¯‘i msL¨v‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Number e‡j| Number `yB cÖKvi| h_v:- 1.Singular Number         2. Plural Number

1.Singular Number:- ‡h Naun Øviv GKwU gvÎ e¨w³ e¯‘ msL¨v m¤ú‡K© aviYv cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K Singular Number e‡j| h_v- A man, a boy, a cat, a cow.

2. Plural Number:- ‡h Naun Øviv AwaK e¨w³ e¯‘ msL¨v m¤ú‡K© aviYv cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K Plural Number e‡j| h_v- men, boys, cats, etc

wKQz ePb Gi D`vnviY wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:-

Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Fly	Flies	Addendum	Addenda
Duty	Duties	Agendum	Agenda
Party	Parties	Aquarium	Aquaria
Country	Countries	Bacterium	Bacteria
Story	Stories	corrigendum	corrigenda
Family	Families	datum	Data
Lady	Ladies	Dictum	Dicta
City	Cities	Effulivium	Effulivia
Ferry	Ferries	Encomium	Encomia
Baby	Babies	Erratum	Errata
Enemy	Enemies	Examplum	Exampla
Army	Armies	Exordium	Exordia
Belief	Beliefs	Flagellum	Flagella
Brief	Briefs	Fulcrum	Fulcra
Chief	Chiefs	Forum	Fora
Cliff	Cliffs	Gymnasium	Gymnasia
Hoof	Hoofs	Hilum	Hila
Roof	Roofs	Hypogastrium	Hypogastria
Canto	Cantos	Idolum	Idola
Photo	Photos	Medium	Media
Piano	Pianos	Memorandum	Memoranda
Quarto	Quartos	Optium	Optia
Army	Armies	Ovum	Ova
Baby	Babies	Referendum	Referenda
Body	Bodies	Optimum	Optima
Country	countries	Symposium	Symposia
foot	Feet	Ultimatum	Ultimata
Man	men	Analysis	Analyses
tooth	teeth	Axis	Axes
woman	women	Basis	Bases
Alumnus	Alumni	Crisis	Crises
focus	foci	Diagnosis	Diagnoses
Genius	Genii	Hypothesis	Hypotheses
Radius	Radii	Oasis	Oases
syllabus	syllabi	thesis	theses

∆. Gender:   Bs‡iwR fvlvq Ggb wKQz mywb`„ó kã Av‡Q †h¸‡jv w`‡q ïaygvÎ cyiyl ev bvix‡K †evSvq A_ev Dfq‡K eySvq A_ev G‡`i KvI‡K †evSvq bv eywS‡q Ab¨ ‡Kv‡bv A‡PZb c`v©_‡K eySvq| GB kã ev  Word ¸‡jv‡K Gender e‡j|

∆. Gender cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi-

1. Masculine Gender              2. Feminine Gender

3. Common Gender                4. Neuter Gender

∆. Gender cwieZ©b n‡q _v‡K mvaviYZ Masculine ‡_‡K Feminine ev Feminine ‡_‡K Masculine Avevi wfbœ kã e¨venvi K‡i AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î G cwieZ©b Kiv nq-

Masculine	Feminine
Bachelor (AweevwnZ cyiæl)	Spinster/ maid(AweevwnZv ¯¿x)
Baeu (my›`i cyiæl)	Belle(my›`i bvix)
Boar(k~Kzi)	Sow(k~Kzix)
Brother(fvB)	Sister(‡evb)
Buck(nwiY)	Doe(nwiYx)
Drake(cvwZnuvm)	Duck(cvwZnuvmx)
Drone(cys †gŠgvwQ)	Bee(¯¿x†gŠgvwQ)
Gender(ivRnsm)	Goose(ivRnsmx)
Lad(evjK)	Lass(evwjKv)
Monk,friar(gVevmx)	Nun(gVevwmbxx)
Sloven(‡bvsiv †cvlvK civ cyiæl)	Slut(‡bvsiv †cvlvK civ gwnjv)
Stag(nwiY)	Hind(nwiYx)
Swain(‡cÖwgK hyev)	Nymph(hyeZx bvix)
Tailor(`wR©)	Seamstress(gwnjv`wR©)
Wizard(hv`yKi)	witch(hv`yKix)
Author(‡jLK)	Authoress(‡jwLKv)
God(‡`eZv)	Godess(‡`eZv)
Heir(DËivwaKvix)	Heiress(DËivwaKvix)
Host(AwZw_†meK)	Hostess(AwZw_†mweKv)
Lion(wmsn)	Lioness(wmsnx)
Manager(e¨e¯’vcK)	Manageress(gwnjv e¨e¯’vcK)
Patron(c„ó‡cvlK)	Patroness(c„ó‡cvwlKv)
Poet(Kwe)	Poetess(gwnjv Kwe)
Prince(ivRcyÎ)	Princeess(ivRKb¨v)
Actor (Awf‡bZv)	Actress (Awf‡bÎx)
Emperor(mg&ªvU)	Empress(mg&ªvÁx)
Boy-baby(‡Q‡j)	Girl-baby (‡g‡q)
Billy- goat(cvVv)	Nanny- goat(cvVx)
Father-in-law(k¦ïi)	Mother-in-law(k¦vïwo)
Jack ass(cyiæl Mvav)	she ass(gv`x Mvav)
Peacock(gq~i)	Peahen(gq~ix)
Hero(exi)	Heroine(exi½bv)