প্রকৃতি প্রত্যয়, কারক ও বিভক্তি, উপসর্গ

evsjv

Lecture-04

Av‡jvP¨ welqÑ(evsjv 2q cÎt- cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨q, KviK I wefw³, DcmM© ) (evsjv 1q cÎt-Kwe I mvwnZ¨ welqK Av‡jvPbvt-

we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbvt-

Av‡jvP¨ welq t cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨q

¯cÖZ¨qt cÖZ¨q n‡”Q KZK¸‡jv aŸwb ev aŸwbmgwó hv bZyb kã MV‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|

¯ avZzi wµqvg~j Ask‡K  avZzK wµqvg~j e‡j| †hgb: wjL + AK = ‡jKK   Rx + AšÍ = R¨všÍ  †Lj + Abv = †Ljbv

GLv‡b wjL& , Rx, ‡Lj& GK GKwU wµqvg~j ev avZz|

¯cÖK…wZi msÁvt  wµqvg~j ev kãg~j‡K cÖK…wZ e‡j| A_vr cÖK…wZ Ggb KZK¸wj avZz ev kãg~j , hv‡`i m‡½ cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q m„wó nq bZzb bZzb kã | †hgb: bvP&, co&, Pj&, wjL&, BZ¨vw` wµqvg~j; nvZ dzj BZ¨vw` kãg~j| cÖK…wZ‡K †f‡½ †QvU Kiv hvq bv| avZz I cÖK„wZi g‡a¨ m~ÿ cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| avZz n‡”Q wµqvc‡`i g~j wKš‘ cÖK…wZ †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î GK GKwU ¯^wbf©i kã|evsjv fvlvi ÔavZzÕ Ges cÖK…wZ Df‡qi †k‡l eY© ev kã LÛ hy³ n‡q MwVZ nq AR¯ª bZzb kã|

¯ wµqvg~j ev avZy ev wµqv cÖK…wZi †k‡l kãLÛ †hv‡M MwVZ kã: Nyg& + Av = Nygv,     Nyg& + Av‡bv= Nygv‡bv         Nyg& + AšÍ = NygšÍ

D‡jøwLZ GKwU wµqvg~j ev avZz ÔNygÕ Gi mv‡_ Av, Av‡bv, AšÍ GB wZbwU kãLÛ †hvM K‡i ˆZwi n‡q‡Q wfbœ wfbœ A_© wewkó wZbwU bZzb kã|

¯ bvg cÖK„wZi ev kãg~‡ji ‡k‡l kãLÛ‡hv‡M MwVZ kã: nvZ + B = nvwZ, nvZ + Av‡bv = nvZv‡bv, nvZ + Av= nvZv, nvZ + j= nvZj GLv‡b ÔnvZÕ kãk~‡ji mv‡_ B, Av, Av‡bv, j BZ¨vw` kãLÛ †hv‡M wfbœ wfbœ A_© wewkó bZzb kã ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

¯cÖK…wZi †kÖwYwefvMt cÖK…wZ `yB cÖKvi:            K. bvg cÖK…wZ  L. wµqv cÖK…wZ

K. bvg cÖK…wZ: bvg evPK k‡ãi g~j Ask‡K e‡j bvg cÖK„wZ| †hgb: cvMj, XvKv, BZ¨vw`|

L. wµqv cÖK…wZ: wµqvg~j‡K ejv nq wµqv cÖK…wZ| †hgb: Kvu`, cV&, wjL&, wkL& BZ¨vw`|

¯cÖZ¨‡qi †kÖwYwefvMt †h me aŸwb ev aŸwb mgwó bvg cÖK„wZ ev wµqv cÖK…wZi c‡i  hy³ nq ‡m¸‡jv‡K cÖZ¨q e‡j| cÖZ¨‡qi  GB msÁvi g‡a¨B cÖZ¨q KZ cÖKvi Zv eySv hvq| cÖZ¨q `yB cÖKvi h_v: K. K…r cÖZ¨q  L. Zw×Z cÖZ¨q|

K.K…r cÖZ¨q:  wµqvg~j ev bvg cÖK…wZ ev avZzi c‡i  ‡h cÖZ¨q hy³ nq Zv‡K K…r cÖZ¨q e‡j| ‡hgb: Pvl + Av = Pvlv,   gyo+ Av = †gvoK

wcV+ AK =cvVK, `„k + AK = `k©K, bxP& + Ab = bvPb

L.Zw×Z cÖZ¨q: bvg cÖK…wZ ev k‡ãi c‡i †h cÖZ¨q hy³ nq Zv‡K Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb: nvZ + Av= nvZv,  XvKv + AvB = XvKvB, †Pvi + AvB= †PvivB, Nvg + AvwP = NvgvwP, KvR + Dqv = †K‡Rv BZ¨vw`|

wewfbœ cwÛZMY cÖ`Ë cÖZ¨‡qi msÁv: e¨vKi‡Yi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K hv c‡i hy³ nq Z-B cªZ¨q| wewfbœ cwÛZeM© I fvlvwe` cÖZ¨‡qi msÁv cÖ`vY K‡i‡Qb|`yÕRb ¯^bvgab¨ cwÛ‡Zi msÁv GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:

àW. mybxwZKzgv‡ii g‡Z, Òhvnv avZzi DËi hy³ nBqv bvg kã MVb K‡i wKsev bvg k‡ãi DËi hy³ nq Zv‡K cÖZ¨q e‡j|Ó

àW. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvni g‡Z, ÒavZz ev k‡ãi DËi wfbœ wfbœ A‡_© †h eY© ev eY©mgyn hy³ nIqv kã cÖ¯‘Z nq, Zvnvw`M‡K cÖZ¨q e‡j|Ó

¯ K…r cÖZ¨q- 2 cÖKvi| h_v: K. evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q  L. ms¯‹…Z K„r cÖZ¨q

K.evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q: cvÖK…Z fvlv †_‡K Ggb A‡bK fvlv G‡m‡Q, †h¸‡jv evsjvq wbR¯^ avZz wnmv‡e cwiwPZ| Gme avZzi mv‡_ cvÖK…Z fvlv †_‡K AvMZ wKQz cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i| Gme cÖZ¨q‡K evsjv K…r cÖZ¨q e‡j|‡hgb: bvP& + Ab= bvPb,            ivua + Av= ivuav,

 Kvu` + bv= Kvbœv,                        iva& + bv=ivbœv

L. ms¯‹„Z K…r cÖZ¨q: ms¯‹…Z avZzi mv‡_ ‡hme ms¯‹…Z cÖZ¨q ‡hvM n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i ,‡mme cÖZ¨q‡K ms¯‹…Z K…r cÖZ¨q e‡j|‡hgb:

bx + AbU=bqb, kx +AbU= kqb, Mg&+AbU =Mgb, kÖæ + AbU= kÖeY             {GL‡b ÔAbUÕ Gi ÔUÕ Br n‡q Ab n‡q‡Q|}

¯Zw×Z cÖZ¨q 3 cÖKvi| h_v: K. evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q           L. ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q,    M. we‡`wk Zw×Z cÖZ¨q 

K.evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q: evsjv bvg cÖK…wZ ev kã cÖK…wZ ev evsjv k‡ãi †k‡li †hme †`kxq cÖZ¨qhy³ n‡q bZzb bZzb kã MVb K‡i Zv‡K evsjv Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j|‡hgb: evN + Av=evNv, wgVv + AvB = wgVvB, †Pvi + AvB =†PvivB, †Q‡j + Avwg= †Q‡jwg

L. ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q: ms¯‹„Z ev Zrmg k‡ãi mv‡_ †hme ms¯‹…Z cÖZ¨q hy³ n‡q bZzb kã MVb K‡i, †mme cÖZ¨q‡K Zrmg ev ms¯‹…Z Zw×Z cÖZ¨q e‡j| †hgb: iNy + ò= ivNe, gby + ò = gvbe,          mvwnZ¨ + wòK = mvwnwZ¨K, `xN© + Bgb = `ªvwNgv, kÖx + gZze = kÖxgvY, Ávb + eZzK = Ávbevb, †gav + web = †gavex

M. we‡`kx Zw×Z cÖZ¨q: evsjv fvlvq we‡`kx k‡ãi Dcw¯’wZ G‡K ev‡i Kg bq| †fŠMwjK I ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y eû we‡`kx kã evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| G k㸇jvi g‡a¨ wKQz wKQy kã we‡`kx †gŠ‰K, Avevi wKQz kã Av‡Q cÖZ¨q wb¯úbœ we‡`kx kã| we‡`kx  k‡ãi mv‡_ we‡`kx cÖZ¨q hy³ nq, Avevi evsjv ev Zrmg k‡ãi mv‡_I we‡`kx cÖZ¨q hy³ nq| evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ we‡`kx fvlvi Gme cÖZ¨q‡K we‡`kx cÖÎq e‡j| †hgb:

evey + Avbv= eveyqvbv, wewe+ Avbv = weweqvbv, gvd + Iqvjv = gvQIqvjv, wMwbœ + cbv =wMwbœcbv, Puv` + cbv= Puv`cvbv, Mvwo + Iqvb= Mv‡ovqvb

¯cÖvwZcvw`K: wefw³nxb bvg kã‡K cÖvwZcvw`K e‡j| ‡hgb: jvR + DK= jvRyK , eo + AvB = eovB {GLv‡b ÔjvRÕ I ÔeoÕ-G

k㸇jv mv‡_ †Kv‡bv kãwefw³ hy³ nq wb| AvB G¸‡jv cÖvwZcvw`K| cÖvwZcvw`K Zw×Z cÖZ¨‡qi cÖK…wZ|ZvB Gi Rb¨ bvg Ôbvg cÖK…wZÕ|

¯K…`šÍ kã: K…r cÖZ¨h Øviv MwVZ kã ev c`‡K K…`šÍ c` e‡j| †hgb:(wco + Dqv)=co–qv, (ay + Av)=‡avqv

¯cÖK…wZ I cÖZ¨‡qi cv_©K¨:

(1) cÖK„wZi A_© n‡jv kãg~j ev avZz| cÖZ¨q nj bZzb kã MVb Kivi GKwU Ab¨Zg gva¨g| cÖK…wZi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q  bZzb bZzb kã MVb Kiv cÖZ¨‡qi cÖavb KvR|

(2) cÖK…wZi wbR¯^ A_© Av‡Q| wKš‘ cÖZ¨q A_©nxb  eY© ev eY©mgwó gvÎ| G‡`i wbR¯^  A_© †bq| †hgb: Avb, Cq|

(3)cÖK…wZi Ae¯’vb cÖZ¨‡qi c~‡e©  wKš‘ cÖZ¨‡qi Ae¯’vb cÖK…wZi c‡i|

(4) cÖK…wZ n‡”Q wµqv I k‡ãi g~j Askhv AwefvR¨| ‡hgb: Ki&, Mg&, wjL&, cV BZ¨vw`|

Ab¨w`‡K, cÖZ¨q n‡”Q cÖK…wZi m‡½ hy³ eY© ev eY©¸”Q| ‡hgb: AK, B, D BZ¨vw`|

¯bvg cÖK…wZ I wµqv cÖK…wZi cv_©K¨:

(1) bvg k‡ãi g~j‡K bvg cÖK…wZ e‡j Avi wµqvi g~j‡K wµqv cÖK…wZ e‡j|

(2) bvg cÖK…wZi mv‡_ cÖZ¨q I wefw³ DfqB hy³ n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘  wµqv cÖK…wZi mv‡_ wefw³i wPý mvaviYZ hy³ nqbv|

(3) cÖK…wZi Ae¯’vb cÖZ¨‡qi c~‡e© wKš‘ cÖZ¨‡qi Ae¯’vb cÖK„wZi c‡i|

¯Dcvav: cÖK…wZ ev avZzi AšÍ¨aŸwbi Av‡Mi aŸwb‡K ÔDcvavÕ e‡j| †hgb: cV& =c + A + V {GLv‡b ÔVÕ AšÍ¨aŸwb , ÔAÕ n‡”Q Dcvav|

cÖK…wZ-cÖZ¨‡qi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz D`vniY

  K…r cÖZ¨q:

D³= eP& + Z                           fq = fx + Aq

Dw³ = eP& + wZ                                    Rq = wR + Aj

DVwZ= DV& + wZ                                    RbK = Rb& + AK

Dß = ec + Z                          & R¨všÍ = Rx + AšÍ

D‡ov = Do– + Dqv                     Sz‡jvb = Szj + Ab

DRvb = DR& + Avb                    WvKvZ = WvK& + AvBZ

KgwZ = Kg& + wZ                      Wzeywi = Wze& + Avwi

KZ©v = K… + Zv                          XvjvB = Xvj& + AvB

K„cb = K…c& + Ab                      Z¨vM = Z¨R& +h/A

K…lK = K…l& + AK                      Z¨vR¨ =Z¨R& + A

Kvu`y‡b = Kvu`& + Dwb‡q                 `c©b =`„c& + Ab

KviK = K… + AK                       `k©b = `„k& + Ab

KiYxq = K… + Abxq                   ‡`vjbv = `yj& + Abv

KZ©e¨ = K… + Ze¨                      `y» = `yn& + Z

Kvbœv = Kuv`& + bv                       gy» = gyn& + Z

‡Ljbv = †Lj& + bv/Abv               `» = `n& + Z

‡L‡Kv = Lv + Dqv                      `ªóe¨ = `„k& + Ze¨

MYbv = MY& + Ab +Av                aybywi/ avbywi= ayb&+Avwi

MšÍe¨ = Mg& + Ze¨                     ag© = a„ + g

MvqK = ˆM + AK                      ¯§Z©e¨ = ¯§„ + Ze¨©

MvB‡q = Mvn& + Bqv                    b¤^i = bk& + ei

NvZK = nb + AK                     ‡hv×v = hya& + Z

NvUwZ = NvU&  + wZ                     ‡bZv = bx + Z… / Zv

PjšÍ = Pj& + AšÍ                      bqb = bx + Ab

PjwZ=Pj& +wZ                         cvPK = cP& + AK

‡Pbv = wPb& + Av                        cvVK = wcV& + AK

cošÍ = co& + AšÍ                     cvIbv = cv + Abv

c~Rvwi = c~R& + Avwi                   cvbxq = cv + Abxq

cÖm~wZ = cÖ + m~ + wZ                  dvUj = dvU& + j

‡diZ = wdi + AZ                    e³v = weP& + Zv

e³e¨ = weP& + Ze¨                    mwnòz = mn& + Bòz

enZv =  en& + Zv                      webq = we + bx + A

eZ©gvb = e„r + gvb                    ‰eVK = ˆeV& + AK

wew`Z = we`& + BZ                    fveyK = f~ + DK

f³ = fR& + A                         f~lY = f©~l& + Ab

‡gvoK = gyo + AK                    gyw³ = gyP& +w³/ wZ

ivuaywb = ivua + Dwb                     jeb = †jv + Ab

‡jLK = wjL& + AK                    wjwL = wjL& + B

kqb = kx + Ab                       ‡kvbv = ïb& + Av

‡kvPbxq = ïP& + Abxq                kÖeY = kÖæ + Ab

mÂq = mg& + wP + A                 ‡mjvB = wmj& + AvB

m¤ªvU = mg + ivR& + wK¡c&             m„wó = m„R + wZ

Zw×Z cÖZ¨q:

`vcU = `vc + U                        ZejwP = Zejv + wP

w`e¨ = w`e& + h                                    bvUz‡K = bvUK + Bqv

KvVz‡i = KvV + Dwo‡q                 c_y‡i = cv_i + Bqv

mvcy‡o = mvc + Dwo‡q                kû‡i = kni + Bqv

‡ivMv‡U = †ivM¨ + wUqv                nj‡` = njy` + Bqv

eLv‡U = eLv + wUqv                    c~Rwi = c~Rv + Avwi

Zvgv‡U = Zvgv + wUqv                 ‡cÖg = wcÖq + Bgb

LyKz = LywK/ †LvKv + D                 jvwjgv = jvj + Bgb

‡Z‡Zv = wZZv + Dqv                  gwngv = gnr + Bgb

‡Mu‡qv = Muv +                            `ªvwNgv = `xN© + Bgb

‰eòe = weòz + A                     eovB = eo + AvB

‡g‡Qv = gvQ + Dqv                     gvbe = gby + A

AvuRjv = AvuRj + Av                 `vbe = `vby + A

wWOv = wWwO +Av                       ivNe = iNy + A

cvZjv = cvZj + Av                  jvNe = jNy + A

‡jvbv = jyb + Av                       ‡KŠie = Kiæ + A

cvbZv = cvwb + Zv                    ‡MŠie = ¸iæ + A

`uvZ = `uvZ + Avj                     g„b¥q = g„r + gq

jwVqvj = jvwV + Avj                 ev•gq = evev + gq

‡`kxq = †`k + Cq                    wgZvwj = wgZv + Avwj

HwnK = Bn + BK                     kxZj = kxZ + j

‰`wbK = w`b + BK                    nvZj = nvZ + j

kvixwiK = kixi + BK                 muvZviæ = mvuZvi + D

mvwnZ¨K = mvwnZ¨ + BK             ‡mŠ›`h© = my›`i + h

XKvB = XvKv + AvB                    ‡gavwe = †gav + web

gvjvB = gvj + AvB                   jw¾Z = j¾v + BZ

wgVvB = wgVv + AvB                    jwNô = jNy + Bô

‡evbvB = †evb + AvB                  jvj‡m = jvj + wmqv

Av‡jvP¨ welq t KviK I wefw³

²KviK : ÔKviKÕ kãwUi A_©-hv wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i|evK¨w¯’Z wµqvc‡`i m‡½ bvg c‡`i †h m¤úK©. Zv‡K KviK e‡j|

 ÄKviK Qq cÖKvi

1. KZ©„KviK          4. m¤úª`vb KviK    2. Kg© KviK        

5. Acv`vb KviK    3. KiY KviK        6. AwaKiY KviK

GKwU ev‡K¨ QqwU Kvi‡Ki D`vniY

*‡eMg mv‡nev cªwZ w`b fuvovi †_‡K wbR nv‡Z Mwie‡`i Pvj w`‡Zb|GLv‡b

1. †eMg mv‡nev                 -----      wµqvi m‡½    KZ…© m¤^Ü

2. Pvj                            -----         ÕÕ     ÕÕ      Kg© K¤^Ü

3. nv‡Z                          -----        ÕÕ       ÕÕ     KiY m¤^Ü

4. Mwie‡`i                      -----        ÕÕ       ÕÕ     m¤úª`vb m¤^Ü

5. fuvovi †_‡K                  -----        ÕÕ       ÕÕ   Acv`vb m¤^Ü

6. cÖwZ w`b                      -----        ÕÕ       ÕÕ   AwaKiY m¤^Ü

²wefw³ : evK¨w¯’Z GKwU k‡ãi m‡½ Ab¨ k‡ãi Aš^q mva‡bi Rb¨ k‡ãi m‡½ †h mKj eY© hy³ nq, Zv‡`i wefw³ ev‡j| †hgb-Qv‡` e‡m gv wkï‡K Puv` †`Lv‡”Qb|

evK¨wU‡Z Qv‡` (Qv` + G wefw³), gv (gv + 0wefw³), wkï‡K (wkï + †K wefw³), Puv` ( Puv` + 0 wefw³) BZ¨vw` c‡` wewfbœ wefw³ hy³ n‡q‡Q| wefw³¸‡jv wµqvc‡`i m‡½ bvgc‡`i m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Q|

wefw³ wPý ¯úó bv n‡j †mLv‡b k~b¨ wefw³ Av‡Q g‡b Kiv nq|

²evsjv kã-wefw³ t

0 k~b¨ wefw³ (A_ev A-wefw³), G (q), †Z, (G), †K, †i, i, (Giv)-G KqwUB LuvwU evsjv kã wefw³| G Qvov wefw³ ¯’vbxq K‡qKwU Ae¨q kãI KviK-m¤^Ü wbY©‡qi Rb¨ evsjvq cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| †hgb-Øviv, w`‡q, n‡Z, †_‡K BZ¨vw`|

²evsjv kã-wefw³ mvZ cÖKvi: cÖ_gv, wØZxqv, Z…Zxqv, PZz_x©, cÂgx, lôx Ges mßgx| GK ePb Ges evû ePb †f‡` wefw³¸‡jvi AvK…wZMZ cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| †hgb

wefw³i AvK…wZ

GK ePb	eûePb
cÖ_gv: 0, A, G, (q), †Z, G‡Z	iv, Giv, ¸wj (¸‡jv) ¸Y|
wØZxqv: 0, A, †K, †i, (G‡i), G,q   †Z	w`‡M, w`M‡K, w`‡M‡i, †`i
Z…Zxqv: 0, A, G, †Z, Øviv, w`qv,  (w`‡q), KZ…©K	w`‡Mi w`qv, †`i w`qv, w`M‡K Øviv, w`M KZ©„K, Mywji Øviv, ¸wj‡K w`qv, ¸‡jv w`‡q, ¸wj KZ©„K, †`i w`‡q
PZz_x©: wØZxqvi gZ	wØZxqvi gZ
cÂgx: G (‡q, q) nB‡Z, †_‡K, †P‡q, n‡Z	w`M nB‡Z, †`i nB‡Z, w`‡Mi ‡P‡q, ¸wj nB‡Z, ¸wji †P‡q, †`i n‡Z, †`i ‡_‡K, †`i †P‡q
lôx: i ,Gi	w`‡Mi, †`i, ¸wji, M‡Yi, ¸‡jvi
mßgx: G , (q), q, †Z, G‡Z	w`‡M, w`‡M‡Z, Mywj‡Z, M‡Y, ¸wji g‡a¨, ¸‡jv‡Z, ¸‡jvi g‡a¨

KZ…© KviK

² evK¨w¯’Z †h we‡kl¨ ev me©bvg c` wµqv m¤úbœ K‡i Zv wµqvi KZ©v ev KZ…© KviK| wµqvi m‡½ Ô‡K ev ÔKvivÕ ‡hvM K‡i cÖkœ Ki‡j †h DËi cvIqv hvq, Zv-B KZ©„KviK| †hgb; †LvKv eB c‡o|(‡K c‡o? †LvKv-KZ…©KviK) ‡g‡qiv dzj †Zv‡j| (Kviv †Zv‡j? †g‡qiv-KZ©„KviK)

 GQvovIt nvwg` eB c‡o| evwmi‡K †h‡Z n‡e|†di‡`Šmx KZ©„K kvnbvgv iwPZ n‡q‡Q| Avgvi hvIqv nq wb| Mvu‡q gv‡b bv Avwg †gvoj

ev‡c bv wRÁv‡m, gv‡q bv m¤¢‡l| cvM‡j Kx bv e‡j, QvM‡j Kx bvLvq| ev‡N-gwn‡l jovB euvwa‡q‡Q q wefw³: †Nvoq Mvwo Uv‡b|

‡Z wefw³            : Miæ‡Z `ya †`q eyjeywj‡Z avb †L‡q‡Q LvRbv w`e wK‡m?

ÄKZ©„ Kvi‡Ki cÖKvi‡f`t

KZ…© KviK ev‡K¨i wµqv m¤úv`‡bi ˆewPÎ ev ˆewkó Abyhvqx Pvi cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K

1. gyL¨ KZ©v : †h  wb‡R wb‡RB wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i †m gyL¨ KZ©v| †hgb- †Q‡jiv dzUej †Lj‡Q| gyljav‡i e„wó co‡Q|

2. cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v: g~j KZ©v hLb Ab¨‡K †Kv‡bv Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ K‡i Zv m¤úbœ Kivq, ZLb Zv‡K  cÖ‡hvRK KZ©v e‡j| †hgb- wkÿK Qv‡Îi e¨vKiY cov‡”Qb|

3. cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v: g~j KZ©vi KiYxq Kvh© hv‡K w`‡q m¤úvw`Z nq, Zv‡K cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v ejv nq| Ic‡ii ev‡K¨ ÔQvÎ

Z`ªæc- ivLvj (cÖ‡hvRK) Miæ‡K (cÖ‡hvR¨ KZ©v) Nvm LvIqvq|

4. e¨wZnvi KZ©v: †Kv‡bv ev‡K¨ †h `y‡Uv KZ©v GK‡Î GK RvZxq wµqv m¤úv`b K‡i, Zv‡`i e¨wZnvi KZ©v e‡j| †hgb:

ev‡N-gwn‡l GK Nv‡U Rj Lvq| ivRvq-ivRvq jvovB, DjyLvMovi cªvšÍ‡i|

Kg© KviKt

²hv‡K AvkÖq K‡i KZ©v m¤úbœ K‡i Zv‡K Kg© KviK e‡j|| Kg© KviK `yB cÖKvi: gyL¨ Kg© I †MŠY Kg©| †hgb: evev Avgv‡K (‡MŠY Kg©) GKwU Kjg (gyL¨ Kg©) wK‡b w`‡q‡Qb| mvaviYZ gyL¨ Kg© e¯‘evPK I †MŠY Kg© cÖvwYevPK n‡q _v‡K| G QvovI mvaviYZ Kg© Kvi‡Ki †MŠY K‡g© wefw³ hy³ nq, g~L¨ K‡g© nq bv|

ÄKg© Kvi‡Ki cÖKvi‡f`

K) mKg©K wµqvi Kg©: bvwmgv d’j Zzj‡Q

L) cÖ‡hvRK wµqvi Kg©: †Q‡jwU‡K weQvbvq †kvqvI

M) mgavZzR Kg© : Lye GK Nyg Nywg‡qwQ

N) D‡Ïk¨ I we‡aq Kg©: wØKg©K wµqvi `y‡Uv ci¯úi A‡cwÿK Kg©c` _vK‡j cÖavb Kg©wU‡K ejv nq D‡Ïk¨ Kg© Ges A‡cwÿZ Kg©wU‡K ejv nq we‡aq Kg©| †hgb: `ya‡K (D‡Ïk¨ Kg©) ‡gviv `y» (we‡aq Kg©) ewj, njy`‡K (D‡Ïk¨ Kg©) ewj nwi`ªv (we‡aq Kg©)|

 (K) cÖ_gv ev k~b¨ ev A wefw³ : Wv³vi WvK|

 Avgv‡K GK Lvbv eB `vI|(wØKg©K wµqvi gyL¨ K‡g©)

iex›`ªbv_ covjvg, bRiæj cojvg,Gi myivnv Ly‡R †cjvg bv (MÖš’ A‡_© wewkó MÖš’Kvi cÖ‡qvM)

(L) wØZxq ev †K wefw³       : Zv‡K ej|

†i wefw³             : Avgv‡i Zzwg Kwi‡e ÎvY, G b‡n †gvi cÖv_©Yv

(M) lôx ev i wefw³                        : †Zvgvi †`Lv †cjvg bv

(N) mßgx G wefw³             : wRÁvwm‡e R‡b R‡b| (exávq)

KiY KviKt

² ÔKiYÕ kãwUi A_©: hš¿, mnvqK ev Dcvq| wµqv m¤úv`‡bi hš¿, DcKiY ev mnvqK‡KB KiY KivK ejv nq| evK¨w¯’Z wµqvc‡`i m‡½ ÔKx‡mi ØvivÕ ev Kx Dcv‡qÕ cÖkœ Kwi‡j †h DËiwU cvIqv hvq, ZvB KiY KviK| †hgb: bxiv Kjg w`‡q †j‡L| (DcKiY- Kjg)

RM‡Z KxwZ©gvb nq mvabvq| (Dcvq-mvabv)

GQvovIt QvÎiv ej †L‡j| WvKv‡Ziv M„n¯^vgxi gv_vq jvwV gv‡i‡Q| jv½j Øviv Rwg Pvl Kiv nq| gb w`qv Ki mv‡e we`¨v DcvR©b| dz‡j dz‡j Ni f‡i‡Q wkKvwi weovj †Mvu‡d †Pbv hvq| G Z kVZv, GZ †h e¨_v| Zey †hb Zv gay‡Z gvLv| --bRiæj| †Póvq me nq| G myZvq Kvco nq bv|

m¤úª`vb KviK

²hv‡K ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i `vb, AP©bv, mvnvh¨ BZ¨vw` Kiv nq, Zv‡K (ms¯‹…Z e¨vKiY Abyhvqx) m¤úª`vb KviK e‡j|

(A‡bK ˆeqvKiY evsjv e¨vKi‡Y m¤úª`vb KviK ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv; Kvib Kg©KviK ØvivB m¤úª`vb Ki‡Ki KvR my›`i fv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv hvq) †hgb- wfLvix‡K wfÿv `vI| (¯^Z¡ Z¨vM K‡i bv w`‡j Kg© KviK n‡e| †avcv‡K Kvco `vI| mrcv‡Î Kb¨v `vb Ki| mwgwZ‡Z Puv`v `vI| ÔAÜR‡b †`n Av‡jv, g„ZR‡b †`n cÖvY|

Acv`vb KviK

²hv †_‡K wKQz wePz¨Z, M„nxZ, RvZ, weiZ, Avi¤¢, `~ixf~Z I iwÿZ Ges hv †`‡L †KD fxZ nq, Zv‡KB Acv`vb KviK e‡j| †hgb:

wePz¨Z     : MvQ †_‡K cvZv c‡o| †gN †_‡K e„wó c‡o|

M„nxZ      : ïw³ †_‡K gy‡³v ‡g‡j| `ya ‡_‡K `B nq|

RvZ       : Rwg †_‡K dmj cvB| †LRyi i‡m ¸o nq|

weiZ      : cv‡c weiZ nI

`~ixf~Z    : †`k †_‡K c½cvj P‡j †M‡Q

iwÿZ     : wec` †_‡K euvPvI|

Avi¤¢      : †mvgevi †_‡K cixÿv ïiæ|

fxZ       : evN‡K fq cvq bv †K?

Acv`vb Kvi‡K wewfbœ wefw³ QvovI nB‡Z, n‡Z,‡_‡K, w`qv, w`‡q BZ¨vw` AbymM© e¨eüZ nq|

GQvovIt ‡euvUv-AvjMv dj Mv‡Q _v‡K bv| g‡b c‡o †mB ˆR‡ô¨i `ycy‡i cvVkvjv cjvqb| evev‡K eÇ fq cvB| †hLv‡b ev‡Ni fq, †mLv‡b m‡Ü¨ nq|Ôwec‡` †gv‡i Kwi‡e ÎvY, G b‡n †gvi cÖv_©bv| †jvKgy‡L ï‡bwQ| wZ‡j ˆZj nq| UvKvq UvKv nq|

Äwewfbœ A‡_© Acv`v‡bi e¨envit

(K) ¯’vbevPK        : wZwb PÆMÖvg †_‡K G‡m‡Qb|

(L) `~jZ¡ÁvcK      : XvKv †_‡K PÆMÖvg `yk wK‡jvwgUv‡iiI †ewk|

(M) wb‡ÿc           : wegvb †_‡K †evgv †djv n‡q‡Q|

AwaKiY KviK

² wµqv m¤úv`‡bi Kvj (mgq) Ges Aavi‡K AwaKiY KviK e‡j| AwaKiY Kvi‡K mßgx A_©vr ÔGÕ ÔqÕ, Ô‡ZÕ BZ¨vw` wefw³ hy³ nq| h_v:

Avavi (¯’vb)         : Avgiv †ivR ¯‹z‡j hvB| G evwo‡Z †KD bvB

Kvj (mgq)          : cÖfv‡Z m~h© I‡V

ÄAwaKiY wZb cÖKvi: 1. KvjvwaKiY 2. AvavivwaKiY  3. fvevwaKiY

²hw` †Kv‡bv wµqvevPK we‡kl¨ AY¨ wµqvi †Kv‡bv iƒc fv‡ei Awfe¨vw³ cÖKvk K‡i, Z‡e Zv‡K fvevwaKiY e‡j| fvevwaKi‡Y me©`vB mßgx wefw³i cÖ‡qvM nq e‡j G‡K fv‡e mßgx ejv nq| †hgb: m~‡h©v`‡q Ab&Kvi `~ixf~Z nq| Kvbœvq †kvK g›`xf~Z nq|

AvavivwaKiY wZb fv‡M wef³         : 1. HK‡`wkK, 2. Awfe¨vcK Ges 3. ˆelvwqK|

1. HK‡`wkK : weivU ¯’v‡bi †h †Kv‡bv As‡k wµqv msNwUZ n‡j Zv‡K HK‡`wkK AvavivwaKiY e‡j| †hgb:

 cKz‡i gvV Av‡Q| (cyKz‡i †h †Kv‡bv GK ¯’v‡b)

 e‡b evN Av‡Q|( e‡bi †h †Kv‡bv GK As‡k)

 AvKv‡k Puv` D‡V‡Q|(AvKv‡ki †Kv‡bv GK As‡k)

mvgxc¨ A‡_©I HK‡`wkK AwaKiY nq| ‡hgb:

Nv‡U †bŠKv evauv Av‡Q ( Nv‡Ui Kv‡Q) |Ô`yqv‡i `uvov‡q cÖv_x©

wfÿv †`n Zv‡i (`yqv‡ii Kv‡Q)| ivRvi `yqv‡i nvwZ euvav|

2. Awfe¨cK: DwÏó e¯‘ hw` mgMÖ Avavi e¨vß K‡i weivRgvb _v‡K, Z‡e Zv‡K Awfe¨vcK AvavivwaKiY e‡j| †hgb:wZ‡j ˆZj Av‡Q| (wZ‡ji mviv Ask e¨vcx), b`x‡Z cvwb Av‡Q| ( b`xi mg¯Í Ask e¨vß n‡i|)

3. ˆelwqK : welq we‡k‡l ev †Kv‡bv we‡kl ¸‡Y KviI †Kv‡bv `ÿZv ev ÿgZv _vK‡j †mLv‡b ˆelwqK AwaKiY nq| ‡hgb: iwKe A‡¼ KuvPv, wKš‘ e¨vKi‡b fvj| Avgv‡`i †mbviv mvn‡m `yR©q, hy‡× Aciv‡Rq|

GQvovIt Avwg XvKv hve| evev evwo †bB| wLwjcvb (Gi wfZ‡i) w`‡q Ilya Lv‡e| evwo †_‡K b`x †`Lv hvq| G evwo‡Z †KD ‡bB|

m¤^Ü c`

² wµqv c‡`i m‡½ m¤úK© bv i‡‡L †h bvgc` evK¨w¯’Z Ab¨ c‡`Zi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ nq, Zv‡K m¤^Ü c` e‡j|‡hgb: gwZ‡bi fvB evwo hv‡e|

GLv‡b ÔgwZ‡biÕ m‡½  ÔfvBÕ-G m¤úK© Av‡Q, wKš‘ Ôhv‡eÕ wµqvi mv‡_ m¤^Ü †bB|

ÁvZe¨ : wµqvi m‡½ m¤^Ü c‡`i m¤^Ü ‡bB e‡j m¤^Ü c`‡K KviK ejv nq bv|

m¤^Ü c‡`i wefw³

(K) m¤^Ü c‡` ÔiÕ ev ÔGiÕ wefw³ hy³ n‡q _v‡K| h_v: Avwg + i = Avgvi (fvB), Lvwj` + Gi = Lvwj‡`i (eB)

(L)mgqevPK A‡_© m¤^Ü c‡` Kvi > ‡Ki wefw³ hy³ nq| h_v

 AvwR + Kvi = AvwRKvi > AvR‡Ki (KvMR)| c~‡e© + Kvi = c~‡e©Kvi (NUbv)| Kvwj + Kvi = KvwjKvi > KvjKvi > Kvj‡Ki  (‡Q‡j)

wKš‘ ÔKvjÕ k‡ãi DËi ïay ÔGiÕ wefwK³B hy³ nq| †hgb: Kvj + Gi = Kv‡ji| evK¨ : †m KZ Kv‡ji K_v|

Äm¤^Ü c‡`i cÖKvi‡f`

m¤^Ü c` eû cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:

(K) AwaKvi m¤^Ü               : ivRvi ivR¨, cÖRvi Rwg|

(L) Rb¥-RbK m¤^Ü                        : Mv‡Qi dj, cyKz‡i gvQ|

(M) Kvh©KiY m¤^Ü              : AwMœi DËcv, †iv‡Mi Kó|

(N) Dcv`vb m¤^Ü               : iƒcvi _vjv, †mvbvi evwU|

(O) ¸Y m¤^Ü                    : gayi wgóZv, wb‡gi wZ³Zv|

(P) †nZz m¤^Ü                   : av‡bi AnsKvi, iƒcvi †`gvK

(Q) e¨vwß m¤^Ü                  : †ivRvi QzwU, kie‡Zi AvKvk|

(R) µg m¤^Ü                   : cv‡Pi c„ôv, mv‡Zi Ni|

(S) Ask m¤^Ü                  :  nvwZi `uvZ, gv_vi Pzj|

(T) e¨emvq m¤^Ü              :  cv‡Ui ¸`vg, Av`vi e¨vcvix|

(U) fMœvsk m¤^Ü                 :  G‡Ki wZb, mv‡Zi cvuP|

(V) K…wZ m¤^Ü                   : bRiæ‡ji ÔAwMœexYvÕ gvB‡K‡ji Ô‡gNbv`ea Kve¨|

(W) Avavi-Av‡aq               : evwUi `ya, wkwki Ilya|

(X) A‡f` m¤^Ü                 : Áv‡bi Av‡jvK, `yt‡Li `nb|

(Y) Dcgvb-Dc‡gq m¤^Ü      : bbxi cyZzj, †jvnvi kixi

(Z) we‡klY m¤^Ü               :my‡Li w`b, †hŠe‡bi PvÂj¨|

(_) wba©viY m¤^Ü                : mevi †miv, mevi †QvU|

(`) KviK m¤^Ü                  :(1) KZ©„ m¤^Ü: ivRvi ûKzg|

(2) Kg© m¤^Ü                    : cÖfzi †mev,mvayi `k©b

(3) KiY KviK :†Pv‡Li †`LvÕ nv‡Zi jvwV

(4) Acv`vb m¤^Ü: ev‡Ni fq, e„wói cvwb|

(5) AwaKib m¤^Ü:†ÿ‡Zi avb, †`‡ki †jvK

m‡¤^vab c`

²Ôm‡¤^vabÕ kãwUi A_© AvnŸvb| hv‡K m‡¤^vab ev AvnŸvb K‡i wKQz ejv nq, Zv‡K m‡¤^vaY c` e‡j| †hgb: I‡n gvwS, Avgv‡K cvi Ki| mygb, GLv‡b Gm|

ÁvZe¨: m‡¤^vab c` ev‡K¨i Ask| wKš‘ evK¨w¯’Z wµqvc‡`i m‡½ †Kv‡bv m¤^Ü _v‡K bv e‡j m‡¤^vab c` KviK bq|

1. A‡bK mgq m‡¤^vab c‡`i c~‡e© I‡Mv, I‡i, †n, I‡Mv, Awq cÖf„wZ Ae¨qevPK kã e‡m m‡¤^va‡bi m~Pbv K‡i| †hgb-ÔI‡Mv, †Zviv RqaŸwb Ki| ÔI‡i, AvR †Zviv hvm †b N‡ii evwn‡i| ÔAvwq wbigj Dlv,  †K †Zvgv‡K wbiwgj?

2. A‡bK mgq ïay m¤^Üm~PK AeqwU †Kej m‡¤^vab c‡`i KvR K‡i _v‡K|

3. m‡¤^vab c‡`i c‡i A‡bK mgq we¯§qm~PK wPý ‡`Iqv nq | GB ai‡bi we¯§qm~PK weý‡K m‡¤^vab wPýI ejv n‡q _v‡K|  wKš‘ AvaywbK wbq‡g m‡¤^vab wPý ¯’v‡b Kgv (,) wP‡ýi cÖ‡qvMB †ewk nq| hgb- I‡i †LvKv, hvevi mg‡q GKUv K_v ï‡b hvm|

Kvi‡Ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz D`vniY:KZ©„Kvi‡Ki D`vniY:

Ø mKj‡K GKw`b gi‡Z n‡e = KZ©„Kvi‡Ki 2qv

ØAvgv n‡Z G Kvh© n‡e bv mvab = KZ©vq 5gx

Ø ¸Ynxb wPiw`b _v‡K civaxb = KZ©vq k~b¨

؇Pv‡i bv k~‡b a‡g©i Kvwnbx =  KZ©vq 7 gx

Ø Mv‡q gv‡b bv Avcwb ‡gvoj = KZ©vq 7gx

Ø gvbyl  fv‡e GK nq Av‡iK = KZ©vq k~b¨

Ø PÛx`v‡m Kq ¸b cwiPq = KZ©vq 7gx

Ø cwÛ‡Z cwÛ‡Z jovB P‡j = KZ©vq 7 gx

Ø Miæ Mvwo Uv‡b = KZ©vq k~b¨

Ø A_© Ab_© NUvq = KZ©vq k~b¨

Ø Miæ‡Z Nvm Lvq = KZ©vq 7gx

Ø Avgvi hvIq nq wb = KZ©vq 6ôx

Ø  GK †h wQj ivRv = KZ©vq k~b¨

Av‡jvP¨ welq t DcmM©

DcmM©tÑ evsjv fvlvq Ggb KZ¸‡jv Ae¨vq myPK kãvsk Av‡Q , hv ¯^axb c` wn‡m‡e ev‡K¨ e¨veüZ n‡Z cv‡ibv| G¸‡jv k‡ãi A‡M e‡m| †hme Ae¨q avZz ev k‡ãi c~‡e© e‡m bZzb bZzb A‡_©I m„wó K‡I, Zv‡`I DcmM© e‡j| †hgb-civRq=civ ( DcmM©)+ Rq (kã), A‡K‡Rv=A( DcmM©)+‡K‡Rv (kã

we: `ª: -k‡ãi Av‡M e‡m DcmM©,k‡ãi †k‡l AbymM©,cÖZ¨q, wefw³ e‡m|

Dcm‡M©i cÖKvi‡f`t-evsjv fvlvq wZb cÖKvi DcmM© Av‡Q| †hgb:- 1. evsjv DcmM©   2.ms¯‹„Z DcmM©  3. we‡`wk DcmM©

1.evsjv DcmM©t- evsjv ev LvuwU evsjv ev †`wk  DcmM© †gvU GKzkwU| h_v-A,AN,AR,Abv,Av,Avo,Avb,Ave, BwZ, Eb, K`, Kz, wb, cvwZ, we, fi, ivg, m, mv, my, nv|

we:`¨:-GQvov Av‡iv AwaK Rvbvi Rb¨ Gm.Gm. wm. †evW© eB co‡Z n‡e|

  

2.Zrmg (ms¯‹„Z) DcmM©t- Zrmg DcmM© †gvU wekwU| h_v- cÖ, civ, Ac, mg&, wb, Ae, Aby, wbi, `yi, we, my, Dr, Awa, cwi, cÖwZ, Dc, Av, Awc, Awf, AwZ|

(PviwU DcmM© LuvwU evsjv I Zrmg Dfq‡ÿ‡Î cvIqv hvq| h_v-Av, wb, we, my ) we:`¨:-GQvov Av‡iv AwaK Rvbvi Rb¨ Gm.Gm. wm. †evW© eB co‡Z n‡e

3. we‡`wk DcmM©t-we‡`wk Dcm‡M©i msL¨v Awb‡Y©q ev wbYx©Z nq wb| K‡qKwU we‡`wk DcmM© wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-(dviwm) Kvi&, `i&, bv, wbg&, wd, e`&, †e, ei&, e&, Kg&, (Aviwe) Avg&, Lvm,jv, Mi&, ev‡R,( Bs‡iwR) dzj, nvc, †nW, mve| we:`¨:-GQvov Av‡iv AwaK Rvbvi Rb¨ Gm.Gm. wm. †evW© eB co‡Z n‡e|