সমাস,বচন,দ্বিরুক্ত শব্দ

evsjv

Lecture-05

Av‡jvP¨ welqÑ(evsjv 2q cÎt- mgvm, ePb, wØiæ³kã)  (evsjv 1q cÎt-Kwe I mvwnZ¨ welqK ) Av‡jvPbvt-

we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbvt-

Av‡jvP¨ welq t mgvm

mgvmt- mgvm k‡ãi A_© ms‡ÿcb, wgjb, GKvwaK c‡`i GKc`x KiY| A_©m¤^Ü Av‡Q Ggb GKvwaK k‡ãi GK m‡½ hy³ n‡q GKwU eo kã MV‡bi cÖwµqv‡K mgvm e‡j| A_©vr `y Bev Z‡ZvwaK Aš^qhy³ c‡`i GKc‡` cwiYZ Kivi bvg mgvm|

‡hgb-     †`‡ki †mev= †`k‡mev

            eB I cy¯ÍK = eBcy¯‘K

v mgv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`:

mgvm Qq cÖKvi| h_v:

1| Ø›Ø mgvm,                   4| eûeªxwn mgvm

2| Kg©avivq mgvm              5| wظ mgvm

3| Zrcyiæl mgvm              6| Ae¨qxfve mgvm

ÔØ›ØÕ k‡ãi A_© †Rvov| †h mgv‡m cÖ‡Z¨KwU mgvm¨gvb c‡` A‡_©i cÖvavb¨ _v‡K Ges †KD KviI Øviv m¼zwPZ nq bv, Zv‡K Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq †h mgv‡m c~e©c` Icic`  Dfq&B A_© cÖ`vb _v‡K Zv‡K Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb:--            Reb I giY =Rweb-giY

             ‡cvKv I gvKo = †cvKv-gvKo           

 mvZ I m‡Z‡iv = mvZ-m‡Z‡iv

v Ø›Ø mvg‡mi we‡kl wbqgt

K.Ges, I , Avi, Z_v BZ¨vw` ms‡hvMv‡_©K Ae¨‡qi mvnv‡h¨ Ø›Ø mgv‡mi e¨vmevK¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq|

L. A‡cÿvK…Z c~Rbwq kã Geq ¯¿xevPK kã Av‡M e‡m| †hgb: gv I evc = gv-evc, ¸iæ I wkl¨= ¸iæ-wkl¨

M. †h c`wUi A_© A‡cÿvK…Z †MŠie‡evaK e‡j we‡ewPZ nq, †m c`wU Ab¨wUi A‡cÿv `xN© n‡qI cÖ_‡g em‡Z cv‡i|

N. †h c`wU evbv‡b ev D”Pvi‡Y A‡cÿvK…Z †QvU, †m c`wU Av‡M e‡m|

‡hgb: †`bv I cvIbv = †`bv-cvIbv, cvb I ZvgvK =  cvb-ZvgvK

O. nmšÍ ev Av-KvišÍ I mwÜ ¯^ihy³ c` Av‡M e‡m| †hgb: myL I `ytL= myL-`ytL, b` I b`x = b`-b`x, `vm-`vmx

P. mgvb ¯^iwekó c‡`i g‡a¨ D-Kvi wKsev I-Kvi hy³ c`wU c‡i e‡m| †hgb: nvwZ-‡Nvov, bvK-gyL, Kvbv-Nylv|

vØ›Ø mgv‡mi ‡kÖbxwefvMt

1| wgjbv_©K Ø›Ø : †h Ø›Ø mgv‡m mgvl¨gvb c`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Awfbœ m¤úK© _v‡K, Zv‡K wgjbv_©K Ø›Ø mgv‡m e‡j| †hgb:--

 †Q‡j I †g‡q = †Q‡j-‡g‡q               fvB I †evb = fvB-‡evb

 wcZv I cyÎ = wcZv-cyΠ                 wRb I cwi = wRb-cwi

 gvQ I fvZ = gvQ-fvZ                   `g (Rqv) I cwZ= `¤úwZ

2| we‡ivav©_K Ø›Ø:  †h Ø›Ø mgv‡m cic`wU  c~e©c‡`i ‰ewi A_© ev fve cÖKvk K‡i , Zv‡K we‡ivav_©K Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb:

Awn I bKzj = Awn-bKzj                  ¯^M© I biK = ¯^M©-biK

 `v I Kzgov = `v-Kzgov                    ivRv  I cÖRv = ivRv-cÖRv

3| mgv_©K Ø›Ø mgvm: †h Ø›Ø mgvmi mgvm¨gvb c`¸‡jv hLb GKB ai‡bi A_© cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K mgv_©K Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb:

nvU I evRvi = nvU-evRvi                 wPwV I cÎ = wPwV-cÎ

eB I cy¯ÍK = evB-cy¯ÍK                   Ni I evwo = Ni-evwo

4| wecixZv_©K Ø›Ø mgvm: †h Ø›Ø mgv‡m cic`wU c~e©c‡`i wecixZ A_© cÖKvk K‡i , Zv‡K wecixZv_©K Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb:

‡QvU I eo = †QvU-eo                     Avq I e¨q = Avq-e¨q

Rgv I LiP = Rgv-LiP                    ‡Rvqvi I fvUv = †Rvqvi-fvUv

‡`k I we‡`k = †`k-we‡`k               AvKvk I cvZvj = &AvKvk-cZvj

mZ¨ I wg_¨v = mZ¨ -wg_¨v

5| msL¨vevPK Ø›Ø mgvm: †h Ø›Ø mgv‡m Dfq c` Øviv msL¨v eySvq ZvK msL¨vevPK Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb:

mvZ I m‡Z‡iv = mvZ-m‡Z‡iv                        wek I cwPk = wek-cwPk mvZ I cuvP = mvZ-cvP             jÿ A_ev †KvwU = jÿ-‡KvwU

6| mnPi Ø›Ø mgvm: †h Ø›Ø mgv‡m cic`wU c~e©c‡` mnPi wnmv‡e hy³ , Zv‡K mnPi Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb:

Kvco I †Pvco =Kvco-‡Pvco                        mw`© I Kvwk = mw`©Kvwk   ‡cvK I gvKo  = †cvKv-gvKo                 Lvbv I wcbv = Lvbv-wcbv

Pzwi I Pvgvwi = Pzwi-Pvgvwi                 eb I ev`o = eb-ev`o

‰n I njøv = ˆn-njøv                                    Pj I PvZzwi = Qj-PvZzwi

aywZ I Pv`i = aywZ-Pv`i                  ai I Kvco = ai-Kvco

7| eûc`x Ø›Ø mgvm: †h Ø›Ø mgv‡m `y‡qi AwaK c‡`i g‡a¨ mgvm nq Zv‡K eûc`x Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb:

mv‡ne, wewe I †Mvjvg = mv‡ne-wewe-‡Mvjvg

Rb¥ , g„Zz¨ Avi weevn = Rb¥-g„Zz¨-weevn

iƒc, im MÜ I ¯úk© = iƒc-im-MÜ-¯úk©

P›`ª, m~h©, MÖn I bÿÎ = P›`ª-m~h©-Mªn-bÿÎ

BU, KvU I cv_i = BU-KvV-cv_i

8| G‡Kkl Ø›Ø: †h Ø›Ø mgv‡m †Kv‡bv mgvm¨gvb c‡`i wefw³ †jvc cvq  Ges †kl c` Abymv‡b kã wba©vwiZ nq, Zv‡K Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb:

‡m, Zzwg I Avwg = Avgiv      Kwig I Zvi fvB‡qiv = Kwi‡giv

‡m I Zzwg = †Zvgiv                        ‡m I Ab¨vb¨ = Zviv

9| AjyK Ø›Ø mgvm: ‡h Ø›Ø mgv‡m †Kv‡bv mgvm¨gvb cI`i wefw³ †jvc cvq bv, Zv‡K AjyK Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb:

nv‡Z I Ki‡g = nv‡Z-Kj‡g              c‡_ I Nv‡U = c‡_-Nv‡U

‡`‡k I we‡`‡k = †`‡k-we‡`‡k           R‡j I ¯’‡j – R‡j-¯’‡j

Ø›Ø mgvm‡K AY¨fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb:-

K. we‡kl¨ c‡`i Ø›Ø: ‡h Ø›Ø mvg‡m Dfq c` we‡kl¨ , Zv‡K we‡kl¨ c‡`i Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb: ‡PvL I Kvb = †PvL-Kvb          Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ = Rb¥-g„Zz¨

Rxeb I gib = Rxeb-giY    b` I b`x= b`-b`x

avb I cvV = avb-cvV         

L. we‡klY c‡`i Ø›Ø : †h Ø›Ø mgv‡m Dfq c` we‡klb, Zv‡K we‡klY c‡`i Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| ‡hgb: mnR I mij = mnR-mij

Avmj I bKj = Avmj-bKj             fv‡jv I g›` = fv‡jv- g›`    ‡QvU I eo = †QvU-eo                                 mr I Amr = mr-Amr

M. me©bvg c‡`i Ø›Ø: †h Ø›Ø mgv‡mi Dfq c`  me©bvg, Zv‡K c‡`i Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb: Zzwg Avi Avwg = Zzwg-Avwg              GUv Avi IUv = GUv-IUv

‡h I †m = †h-‡m                                       h_v I Z_v = h_v-Z_v

GLv‡b Ges †mLv‡b = GLv‡b-‡mLv‡b                hvi I Zvi = hvi Zvi

N. wµqvc‡`i Ø›Ø: †h Ø›Ø mgv‡mi Dfq c`B wµqvc`, Zv‡K wµqvØ›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb: hvIqv I Avmv = hvIqv-Avmv  ejv I KIqv = ejv-KIqv

euvPv I giv = euvPv-gviv         ‡`Lv I ‡kvbv = †`Lv-‡kvbv

fvOv I Mov = fvOv-Mov       ‡jLv I cov = †jLv-cov

O. wµqvwe‡kl‡Yi Ø›Ø: †h Ø›Ø mgv‡mi Dfq c`B wµqvwe‡klY, Zv‡K  wµqvwe‡kl‡Yi Ø›Ø mgvm e‡j| †hgb: Av‡M I wc‡Q = Av‡M-wc‡Q

ax‡i I my‡¯’ = ax‡i-my‡¯’                   cv‡K I cÖKv‡i = cv‡K-cÖKv‡i

Kg©avivq mgvm

we‡klY ev we‡klY fvevcbœ c` I we‡kl¨ ev we‡kl¨ fvevcbœ c‡` †h mgvm nq Ges †h mgv‡m we‡k‡l¨i Av_©B cÖavbiƒ‡c cªZxqgvb nq, Zv‡K Kg©avivs mgvm e‡j| †hgb: bxj ‡h AvKvk = bvjAvKvk           gnvb †h cyiæl = gnvcyiæl

v Kg©avivq mgv‡mi KwZcq wbqg:

1| Kk©avivq mgv‡m mvaviYZ we‡lkY c` Av‡M e‡m| †hgb:

            my›`i †h cyiæl = mycyiæl       bxj †h Awÿ = bxjAwÿ

            i³ †h Kgj = i³Kgj        bxj †h gwb = bxj gwb

2| `ywU we‡klY c‡` GKwU we‡klY c‡` GKwU we‡klY †evSv‡j Kg©avivq mgvm nq| †hgb:-hv g„`y ZvB g›`= g„`yg›`           ‡h PvjvK †mB PZzi = PvjvKPZzi

3| `ywU we‡kl¨ c‡` GKw&U e¨vw³ ev e¯‘‡K †evSv‡j Kg©avivq mgvm nq| †hgb:

   whwb  ivRv wZwb Fwl = ivRwl©   whwb RR© wZwb mv‡ne= RRmv‡ne

4|  Kg©avivq mgv‡m we‡klY c‡`i cyswj½ iƒc nq | †hgb:-

    gnZx †h KxwZ© = gnvKxwZ©               gnZx †h igbx = gnvigbx

    my›`ix †h jZv = my›`ijZv                         mnZx †h b`x = gnvb`x

5| Kg©avivq mgv‡m e¨vmev‡K¨ mvaviYZ – whwb-wZwb, †h-‡m, hv-Zv, †hB-‡mB BZ¨vw` e¨eüZ nq|

6| c~e©c‡` ÔgnrÕ wKsev ÔgnvbÕ _vK‡j Gi cwie‡Z© ÔgnvÕ kãwU e¨eüZ nq| †hgb:- gnvr †h Rb = gnvRb                gnvb †h bex = gnvbex

7| cic‡` ÔivRvÕ kã _vK‡j ÔivRÕ nq Ges ÔivwÎÕ kã _vK‡j ÔivÎÕ nq| †hgb: gnvb †h ivRv = gnvivRv      `xN© †h ivwÎ = `xN©ivÎ

8| ¯^ieY© c‡i _vK‡j ÔKzÕ Gi ¯’v‡b ÔKrÕ nq| ‡hgb:

  Kz †h AvPvi = K`vPvi        Kz †h A_© = K`_©

  Kz †h AvKvi = K`vKvi

v Kg©avivq mgv‡mi ‡kªbxwefvM:

Kg©avivq mgvm cÖavYZ wZb cÖKvi| h_v:

1| mvaviY Kg©avivq mgvm

2| ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©avivq mgvm I       3| Dcgvg~iK Kg©avivq mgvm|

1| mvaviY Kg©avivq mgvm: we‡kl‡Y-we‡k‡l¨, we‡kl‡Y-we‡kl‡Y Ges  we‡kl¨-we‡kl¨ †h Kg©avivq mgvm nq Zv‡K mvaviY Kg©avivq mgvm e‡j|

 m we‡kl‡Y-we‡k‡l¨ Kg©avivq:

            bxj †h Drcj = bx‡jvrcj    gnZx †h Aógx= gnvógx

            wQbœ †h e¯¿ = wQbœe¯¿           gnvm †h Rb = gnvRb

            be †h Abœ = bevbœ              bxj †h `j = bxj`j

            Lvm †h gnj = Lvmgnj       my †h cyiæl = mycyiæl

            jvj †h cv_i = jvicv_i      ïf †h weevn = ïfweevn

Giƒc: c~Y©P›`ª, bqvw`wjø, KuvPvKjv, gnvexi, †k¦Zcv_i, iæ`ªexYv, cÖavb wkÿK, SivcvZv, UK`B, †Pvivevwj BZ¨vw`|

m we‡kl¨ Av‡M e‡m Giæc D`vniY:

            ‡fRv †h Pvj = Pvj‡fRv       evUv †h njy` = njy`evUv

            fvRv †h gvP = gvQfvRv       DËg †h bi = b‡ivËg

            exi †h wkky = wkïexi          ‡cvov †h †e¸b = †e¸b‡cvov

m wekl‡Y-we‡kl‡Y Kg©avivq:

    ‡h PvjvK †m-B PZzi = PvjvKPZzi    hv mnR Zv-B mij = mnRmij

   whwb kvšÍ wZwbB wkó = kvšÍwkó       whwb MY¨ wZwbB gvb¨ = MY¨gvb¨

  ‡h Kvbv †m-B †Luvov =Kvbv‡Luvov        hv kxZj Zv-B Dò = kx‡Zvò

   hv g„`y Zv-B g›` = g„`yg›`              ‡h üó †m-B cyó = üócó

   hv KuvPv Zv-B wg‡V = KuvPvwg‡V          hv w¯œ» Zv-B D¾¡j = w¯œ‡»v¾¡j

   LvwbK wg‡V LvwbK Kov = wg‡VKov

Giƒc: mv`vwm‡a, Rxebb¥„Z, euvMaviv, `xbnxb BZ¨vw`|

m we‡k‡l¨-we‡k‡l¨ Kg©avivq:

whwb ivRv wZwbB ev`kvn& = ivRvev`kvn, whwb ¸iæ wZwbB †`e = ¸iæ‡`e

whwb Wv³vi wZwbB mv‡ne = Wv³vimv‡ne,  whwb wkÿK wZwbB gnvkq = wkÿKgnvkq

hv cjøx Zv-B MÖvg = cjøxMÖvg,              whwb RR wZwbB mv‡ne = RRmv‡ne

‡h †Mvjvc Zv-B dzj = †Mvjvcdzj,      whwb ivRv wZwbB Fwl = ivRwl©

Giƒc : ea~gvZv, jvUmv‡ne, †LvKvevey, ivRmbœ¨vmx, `v`vevey BZ¨vw`|

2| ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©avivq mvgm: †h Kg©avivq mgv‡m e¨vmev‡K¨i ga¨c` †jvc cvq,Zv‡K ga¨c`‡jvcx Kg©avivq mgvm e‡j| †hgb:

    wmsn wPwýZ Avm = wmsnvmb          †gŠ AvwkÖZ  gvwQ = †gŠgvwQ   

    cj wgwkÖZ Abœ = cjvbœ                mvg¨ welqK ev` = mvg¨ev`

    fvB‡qi Kj¨v‡Y †duvUv= fvB‡duvUv     ivóª welqK bxwZ = ivóªbxwZ

    Rj ivLvi cvÎ = RjcvΠ             wN gvLv fvZ = wNfvZ

    N‡i AvwkÖZ RvgvB = NiRvgvB        wfÿ jä Abœ = wfÿvbœ

    cÖxwZ Dcj‡ÿ †fvR = cÖxwZ‡fvR     GK AwaK `k = GKv`k

    msev` enbKvix cÎ = msev`cΠ    ev®ú PvwjZ hvb = ev®úhvb

    cÖxwZm~PK Dcnvi = cÖxwZ Dcnvi  knx` ¯§i‡Y cvjbxq w`em= knx` w`em

    ei AbyMgbKvix hvÎx = eihvÎx       ¯^‡Y©i b¨vq D¾¡j Aÿi = ¯^Y©vÿi

Giƒc: weRqcZvKv, QvqvZiæ, †eŠfvZ, WvKMvwo, bvixw`em, nuvUzRj, wmsnØvi nvZNwo BZ¨vw`|

3| Dcgvg~jK Kg©aviq mgvm : †h Kg©aviq mvg‡m `ywU e¯‘ ev e¨w³i g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv nq ev Dcgvi mvnv‡h¨ mv`„k¨ Kíbv Kiv nq, Zv‡K Dcgvg~jK Kg©avivq mgvm e‡j|

            K. Dcgvb,                       M. mvavivY ag© ev ¸b I

            L. Dc‡gq                        N. Zzjbvg~jK kã

K. Dcgvb : hvi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq, Zv‡K Dcgvb e‡j|

L. Dc‡gq : hv‡K Zzjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K Dc‡gq e‡j|

M. mvaviY ag© t `ywU Amg e¯‘ ev e¨w³i g‡a¨ †h we‡lk My‡Yi Kvi‡Y Zzjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K mvaviY ag© e‡j|

N. Zzjbvg~jK kãt Dcgv ev Zz¨jbv‡K ¯úó Kivi Rb¨ †h kã e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Zzjbvg~jK kã e‡j| ‡hgb: gZ, gZb, b¨vq, m`„k¨ BZ¨vw`|

GB KvR‡ji g‡Zv Kv‡jv AvKvk = KvRj Kv‡jv AvKvk GLv‡b KvRj Dcgvb c`, AvKvk Dc‡gq c`, ÔKv‡jvÕ mvaviY ag©evPK kã Ges g‡Zv ZzjbvevPK c`|

Dcgvb, Dc‡gq Ges mvaviY a‡g©i wfwˇZ Dcgvg~jK Kg©avivq mgvm wZb cÖKvi h_v:

1.       Dcgvb Kg©avivq mgvm

2.       DcwgZ Kg©avivq mgvm

3.      iƒcK Kg©avivq mgvm

1| Dcgvb Kg©avivq mgvm : Dcgvb c‡`i mv‡_ mvaviY ag© ev ¸YevPK c‡`i †h  mgvm nq, Zv‡K Dcgvb Kg©avivq mgvm e‡j| G‡Z ¸‡bi D‡jøL _v‡K e‡j, cÖ_gwU we‡kl¨ c` Ges c‡ii c`wU we‡klY c` nq| Dcgvb c`wU c~ec` nq| †hgbt-

Zzlv‡ii b¨vq ïå = Zzlviïå              wkwki b¨vq Kv‡jv = wgkKv‡jv

Kzmy‡gi g‡Zv ‡Kvgj = Kzmyg‡Kvgj       ¯^‡b©i g‡Zv D¾¡j = ¯^‡Y©vD¾¡j

e‡Rªi b¨vq K‡Vvi = eRªK‡Vvi             KvR‡ji g‡Zv Kv‡jv = KvRjKv‡jv

Aiæ‡Yi g‡Zv ivOv = AiybivOv             B¯úv‡Zi g‡Zv KwVb = B¯úvZKwVb

Giƒc : weovjZc¯^x, wm`yiivOv, MRg~L©, eKavwg©K, wbgwZZv, ågiK…ò, abyKevuKv, nwiYPcj BZ¨vw`|

2| DcwgZ Kg©avivq mgvm: mvaviY ¸‡Yi D‡jøL bv K‡i Dc‡gq c‡`i mv‡_ Dcgvb c‡`i †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K DcwgZ Kg©avivq mvgm e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î  mvaviY ¸YwU Dn¨ _v‡K| G mgv‡m Dc‡gq c`wU c~e©c` nq| †hgb-

gyL P‡›`ªi b¨vq = gyLP›`ª                   K_v Ag„‡Zi b¨vq = K_vg„Z

ciæl wms‡ni b¨vq = cyiælwmsn           PiY Kg‡ji b¨vq = PiYKgj

Aai Kg‡ji b¨vq = AaiKgj            Ki cjø‡ei b¨vq = Kicjøe

Giƒc : evRyjZv, P›`ªe`b, biwmsn, dzjevey, c`cjøe, Puv`gyL, cÙ‡jvPb, Aicjøe,          evûejøix BZ¨vw`|

3|iƒcK Kg©avivq mgvm : Dcgvb I Dc‡gq c‡`i g‡a¨ AwfbœZv Kíbv K‡i †h mgvm nq , Zv‡K iƒcK Kg©aviq mgvm e‡j| G mgv‡m Dc‡gq c` Av‡M Av‡m Ges Dcgvb c` c‡i e‡j| GQvov mgvm¨gvb c‡` ÔiæcÕ kãwU hy³ n‡q e¨vmevK¨ MwVZ nq¨| †hgb---welv` iƒc wmÜz = welv`wmÜz      

‡¯œn iƒc myav = †¯œnm~av       gb iƒc gvwS = gbgvwS             

fi  iƒc b`x = feb`x         ‡kvK iƒc Abj = †kvKvbj           

ü`q iƒc AvKvk = ü`qvKvk  cÖvY iƒc cvwL = cÖvYcvwL         

Giƒc : RxebZjx, gvqv‡Wvi, femvMi, †cÖg‡Wvi, we`¨vab, Rxeb‡¯ªvZ, †¯œnbxo, ü`qviY¨, ÿzavbj, mgivbj, †kvKwmÜz BZ¨vw`|

Zrcyil mvgm

‡h mvgv‡m c~e©c‡`i wØZxqv wefw³ †jvc cvq Ges cic‡`i A_© cÖavb iƒ‡c cªZxqgvb nq, Zv‡K Zrciæl mvgm e‡j| †hgb---

wec`‡K Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ

GLv‡b Ôwec`‡KÕ -----GB c~e©c‡`i Ô‡KÕ wefw³ †jvc †c‡q‡Q Ges cic` ÔAvcbœ;-Gi  A_© cÖvavb¨ †c‡q‡Q|

Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi ˆewkó :

² c~e©c‡`i wefw³ Abymv‡i GB mgv‡mi bvgKiY Kiv nq|

² Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi c~f©c‡` wØZxqv †_‡K mßgx ch©šÍ †h †Kvb wefw³ _vK‡Z cv‡i|

² Zrciæl mgv‡m c~e©c‡`i wefw³ †jvc cvq Ges cic‡`i A_© cÖvavb¨ cvq|

² Zrcyiæl mgv‡m ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z `y‡Uv c` _v‡K Ges `y‡Uv c`B we‡kl¨ nq| G`y‡Uv c‡`i c~e©c`wU cic‡`i A_© mxgve× K‡i †`q|

² G mgv‡m cic‡`i m‡½ c~e©c‡`i m¤úK© Kg©iƒ‡c, KiYiæ‡c, m¤úª`vbiæ‡c, Acv`vbiƒ‡c Ges AwaKibiƒ‡c n‡q _v‡K Ges cic‡`i A_© cÖvavb¨ jvf K‡i|

m Zrcyiæl mgv‡mi ‡kÖYxwefvM : Zrcyiæl mgvm‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:

wØZxqv Zrciæl, Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl, PZz_x© Zrcyiæl, cÂgx Zrciæl, lôx Zrcyiæl, mßgx Zrciæl, AjyK Zrcyiæl, bT& Zrciæl, Dcc` Zrciæl, mycmycv Zrciæl mgvm|

1| wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~e©c‡` wØZxqv wefw³ †jvc †c‡q †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K wØZxq Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| cÖvß, AvwkÖZ, msµvšÍ, MZ,  AZxZ, Avcbœ, cÖweó, Aviƒp., cÖf…wZ kã‡hv‡M wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm nq| †hgb---

cÖvß---  `yLt‡K cvªvß = `ytLcÖvß           ÿgZv‡K cÖvß = ÿgZvcÖvß

AvwkÖZ--PiY‡K AvwkÖZ = PiYvwkÖZ      ‡`k‡K AvwkÖZ = †`kvwkÖZ            c`‡K AvwkÖZ = c`vwkÖZ                        MZ e¨vw³‡K MZ = e¨vw³MZ    

ci‡jvK‡K MZ = ci‡jvKMZ              kiY‡K AvMZ = kiYvvMZ

AZxZ-  ¯§iY‡K AZxZ = ¯§ivYvZxZ    ag©‡K AZxZ = ag©vZxZ

Avcbœ-  we®§q‡K Avcbœ = we¯§qvcbœ      wec`‡K Avcbœ = wec`vcbœ

cÖweó-  M„n‡K cÖweó  = M„ncÖweó          Aviæp- Ak¦‡K Aviæp= Avk¦viæp

Ôe¨vwßÕ †evSv‡Z KvjevPK c‡`i mv‡_ wØZxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm n‡q _v‡K| †hgbÑ

wPiKvj e¨vwcqv my›`i = wPimy›`i        

 wPiKvj e¨vwcqv emšÍ = wPiemšÍ         wPiKvj e¨vwcqv myLx = wPimyLx

wPiKvj e¨vwcqv ¯’vqx = `xN©¯’vqx          Rxeb e¨vwcqv Avb›` = Rxebvb›`

Giƒc: wPinwir, wPiPÂj, wPi¯§ibxq BZ¨vw`|

2| Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mvgm : c~e©c‡` Z…Zxqv wefw³ †jvc †c‡q †h mgvm nq Zv‡K Z…Zxqv Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| m½Z. m¤§Z, AvKxY©, k~Y¨, jä, m¼zj, MÖvn¨, nxb, AvZ©, e‡iY¨, gwÛZ, cÖf„wZ kã mg¯Í c‡` _vK‡j Zv Z…Zxq Zrcyiæl mgvm n‡e|‡hgb-

b¨vq Øviv m½Z = b¨vq m½Z              weÁvb Øviv m¤§Z= weÁvbm¤§Z

Rb Øviv AvKxY© = RbvKxY©                 Ávb Øviv k~Y¨ = Ávbk~Y¨

kªg Øviv jä = kÖgjä                      wec` Øvi m¼zj = wec`m¼zj

ÿz`v Øviv AvZ© = ÿzavZ©                    ‡`k KZ©„K e‡iY¨ = †`ke‡iY¨

‡mŠ›`h© Øviv gwÛZ = †mŠ›`h© gwÛZ       eRª Øviv AvnZ = eRªvnZ     

A¯¿ Øviv DcPvi = A‡¯¿vcvPvi             gb w`‡q Mov = gbMov        

kÖx Øviv hy³ = kÖxhy³                                    ‡XwK Øviv QuvUv = †XwKQvUv    

jvwV Øviv †Ljv = jvwV‡Ljv                gay Øviv gvLv = gaygvLv

Giƒc : †¯œnvÜ, ¯^bvgaY¨, K›UKKxY©, imwm³, wec`m¼zj BZ¨vw`|

3|PZz_x© Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~e©c‡` PZz_x© wefw³ †jvc †c‡q †h mgvm n‡q Zv‡K PZz_x Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| mvaviYZ m¤úª`vb ev mË¡ Z¨vM Kiv eySv‡j Ô‡KÕ wefw³ hy³ K‡i PZz_x© Zrcyiæl mgvm MwVZ nq| †hgb---

¸iæ‡K fw³ = ¸iæfw³,    ‡`e‡K `Ë = †`e `Ë,       KY¨v‡K `vb = KY¨v`vb

Avevi c~e© c‡` cÖ‡qvRb ev D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡j PZz_x© wefw³ wPý  ( †K, †i, G‡i) e¨envi bv K‡i Rb¨ ev wbwgË †hv‡M e¨vm evK¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-

kq‡bi wbwkË Kÿ = kqbKÿ                        em‡Zi wbwgË evwo= emZevwo

Wv‡Ki wbwgË gvkyj= WvKgvïj           wkï‡`i Rb¨ mvwnZ¨ = wkïmvwnZ¨

Aviv‡gi Rb¨ †K`viv = Avivg‡K`viv     n‡R¡i D‡Ï‡k¨ hvÎ = nR¡hvÎv

we‡qi Rb¨ cvMjv = we‡qcvMjv           Rxq‡bi wbwgË KvwV = RxqbKvwV

1 : cvMjvMvi`, †PvlKvMR, wkïg½j, cš’vwbevm, cy·kvK, kvwšÍwb‡KZb, ¯§„wZgw›`i BZ¨vw`|

4| cÂgx Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~ec‡` cÂgx wefw³ ( n‡Z, †_‡K , †P‡q, A‡cÿv BZ¨vw`) †jvc †c‡q †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K cÂgx Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb:

MY n‡Z gyw³ = MYgyw³                    ¯‹zj †_‡K cvjv‡bv = ¯‹zjcvjv‡bv

wejvZ †_‡K †diZ = wejvZ‡diZ       mZ¨ †_‡K åó = mZ¨åó

Rb¥ ‡_‡K AÜ = Rb¥vÜ                    cÖv‡Yi †P‡q wcÖq = cÖvYcÖxq

‡Rj †_‡K Lvjvm = †RjLvjvm,          gvbe A‡cÿv BZi = gvb‡eZi

Giƒc:  Nicvjv‡bv, kvcgyw³, cÖvYvwaK, RjvZ¼, ¯œvZ‡KvËi, e¨wagy³, `jQvov BZ¨vw`|

5| lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm : c~e©c‡`i lôx wefw³ (i, Gi) †jvc †c‡q †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K lôx Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb-

‡Lqvi NvU = †LqvNvU                       b`xi Rj = b`xRj

Pv‡qi evMvb = Pv evMvb                    e„‡ÿi kvLv = e„ÿkvLv

g‡bi i_ = g‡bvi_                         M‡YvZš¿ = MbZš¿

`x‡bi eÜz = `xbeÜz                         Kwe‡`i ¸iæ = Kwe¸iæ

Giæc: RvwZmsN, bvU¨wfbq, hgvjq, m~h©v‡jvK, ebdzj BZ¨vw`|

m mvaviY wbqg :

²ÔivRvÕ kã c‡i _vK‡j Av‡M e‡m| †hgb:---

nv‡mi ivRv = ivRnuvm                      c‡_i ivRv = ivRc_

² ÔivRvÕ Gi ¯’‡j ÔivRÕ nq| †hgb---

w`wjøi ivRv = w`wjøivR                     ivRvi cyÎ = ivRcyÎ

² ÔAa©Õ k‡ãi c‡i _vK‡j Av‡M e‡m| †hgb----

UvKvi Aa© = Aa©UvKv            c‡_i Aa© = Aa©c_

² c~e©c‡`i C-Kvi hy³ k‡ã B-Kvi hy³ nq| †hgb---

cÖvYxi we`¨v = cÖvwYwe`¨v       ¯^vgxi M„n = ¯^vgxM„n

² wcZv, gvZv, åvZv,   Gme k‡ãi cwie‡Z© wcZ…, gvZ…, åvZ… Gme kã nq| †hgb---wcZvi ab = wcZ…ab                 gvZvi †mvnvM = gvZ…‡mvnvM      

m‡nv`i cÖwZg = m‡nv`icÖwZg           

² Kv‡ji †Kvb Ask‡evaK kã c‡i _vK‡j Zv Av‡M e‡m| †hgb-A‡ýi (w`‡bi) c~efvM = c~e©vý                 ivwÎi ga¨fvM = ga¨ivÎ

² MY, e„›`, ivwR, hy_ BZ¨vw` mgwóevPK kã c‡i _vK‡j lôx Zrcyiæl mvgm nq| †hgb-

Qv‡Îi e„›` = QvÎe„›`                       dy‡ji ivwR = dzjivwR

²wkï, `y» BZ¨vw` kã c‡i _vK‡j ¯¿xevPK c~e©c` c~iælevPK nq| †hgb---

g„Mxi wkï = g„Mwkï                         QvMxi `y× = QvM`y»

6| mßgx Zrcyiæl mgvm :  †h Zrcyiæl mgv‡m c~e©c‡` mßgx wefw³ ( G, q ,‡Z) †jvc cvq Zv‡K mßgx Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb---

we‡k¦ weL¨vZ = wek¦weL¨vZ                 bvgv‡R iZ = bvgvRiZ

cv‡c Avm³ = cvcvm³                    g‡b giv = gbgiv

AKv‡j g„Zz¨ = AKvjg„Zz¨                  c~‡e© AkÖyZ = AkÖæZc~e©

‡Mvjvq fiv = ‡Mvjvfiv                    c~‡e© f~Z =f~Zc~e©

ev·‡Z e›`x = ev·e›`x                    c~‡e© A`„ó = A`„óc~e©

Giƒc : wcÄive×, e·cPv, †fvRbcUz, evKcUz, ZvjKvbv BZ¨vw`|

7| AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm : ÔAjyKÕ A_© †jvc bv cvIqv| Zrcyiæl mgv‡m c~e©c‡`i wefw³ †jvc bv n‡j Zv‡K AjyK Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb---

wN‡q fvRv = wN‡qfvRv                     ‡mvbvi Zix = †mvbviZix

covi Ni = covi Ni

8| b-T Zrcyiæl mgvm : †h Zrcyiæl mgv‡m c~e©c‡e bv-m~PK  Ae¨q _v‡K , Zv‡K b-T Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb----

bq ch©vß = Acvhv©ß                                    b †avqv = Av‡avqv

b KvZi = AKvZi                          bÿZ  = AÿZ

b gvbvb = †egvbvb                         bq AwZ `xN© = bvwZ`xN©

Giƒc : Abve„wó,AvKvj. AbwfÁ, MinvwRi, AbvüZ, wbf©yj, bvivR, APj, Awek¦vm BZ¨vw`|

9| Dcc` Zrcyiæl mgvm : K…`šÍ c‡`i c~‡e© DcmM© wfbœ AY¨ †h c` hy³ nq, Zv‡K e‡j Dcc`| Avi Dcc‡`i mv‡_ K…`šÍ c‡`i †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K e‡j Dcc` Zrcyiæl mgvm|

†hgb-R‡j P‡i †h = RjPi               c‡¼ R‡b¥ hv = c¼R

‡Q‡j a‡i †h = †Q‡jaiv                   gay cvb K‡i †h = gayc

Giƒc: ¯’jPi, gvbyl‡L‡Kv, hv`yNi, c‡KUgvi, B›`ªwRr, eY©‡Pviv BZ¨vw`|

10. wbZ¨ mgvm: †h mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jv cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges e¨vmev‡K¨i cÖ‡qvRb nq bv Zv‡K wbZ¨ mgvm e‡j| †hgb-Ab¨ †`k = †`kvšÍi‡Kej Rj = RjgvÎ, mg¯Í MÖvg = MÖvgšÍi,            ‡Kej `k©Y= `k©bgvÎ

AY¨ n¯Í = n¯ÍvšÍi              Ab¨MÖvg = MÖvgvšÍi

11| mycmycv Zrcyiæl mgvm : ÔmycÕ A_© wefw³hy³ bvgc`| †Kv‡bv wefw³hy³ bvgc‡`i mv‡_ Aci †Kv‡bv wefw³hy³ bvgc‡`i †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K mycmycv Zrcyiæl mgvm e‡j| †hgb- c~‡e© f~Z = f~Zc~e©,   ivwÎi ga¨ = ga¨ivÎ

eûeªxwn mvgm

‡h mgv‡m mgm¨gvb c`¸‡jvi †Kv‡bvwUi A_© bv eywS‡q mg¯Íc‡` AY¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³, e¯‘ ev c`v_©‡K †evSvq Zv‡K eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| †hgb- `k Avbb hvi = `kvbb|

GLv‡b c~e©c` Ô`kÕ Ges cic` ÔAvbbÕ| mg¯Íc‡` Ô`kÕ wKsev ÔAvbbÕ †Kv‡bvwUiB A_© bv eywS‡q GKwU wfbœ A_© eywS‡q‡Q| Ô`kvbbÕ ejv nq iveY‡K|

m mvaviY wbqg :

²mvwaZ c`wU A‡bK mgq we‡kl¨ nq| †hgb- cxZ A¤^i hvi = cxZv¤^i (kÖxK…ò)

² mvwaZ c`wU A‡bK mgq we‡klY nq| ‡hgb- gv g‡i‡Q hvi = gv-giv

² we‡klY c` I mßgx wefw³hy³ c` Av‡M e‡m| ‡hgb- Avkx‡Z (`uv‡Z) wel hvi = Avkxwel| GB wbq‡gi e¨wZµg Av‡Q| †hgb- Qbœ gwZ hvi = gwZ”Qbœ

² ÔmwnZÕ I ÔmgvbÕ k‡ãi cwie‡Z© ÔmÕ I ÔmnÕ nq| †hgb-

mgvb Zx_© hvi = mZx_©                    cwiev‡ii mwnZ eZ©gvb= mcwievi

mgvb D`i hvi = m‡nv`i     

² ¯¿xevPK †evSv‡Z mvwaZ c‡` mvaiYZ ÔAvÕ ev ÔCÕ †hvM nq| ‡hgb-

bxj bqb hvi = bxjbqbv      ‡KvwK‡ji g‡Zv KÚ hvi = †KvwKjKÚx

²ÔmnÕ wKsev ÔmwnZÕ k‡ãi mv‡_ Ab¨ c‡`i eûeªxwn mvgm n‡j ÔmnÕ I ÔmwnZÕ ¯’‡j ÔmÕ e‡m| †hgb-

evÜemn eZ©gvb =  mevÜe                `‡c©i mwnZ eZ©gvb = m`c©

² cvi¯úwiK GKB wµqv‡Z eûeªxwn mvgm nq| G‡ÿ‡Î c~e©c` Av-KvivšÍ Ges cic` B-KvivšÍ nq| †hgb-

   jvwV‡Z jvwQ‡Z gvivgvwi = jvVvjvwV         n‡Z n‡Z †h jvovB = nvZvnvwZ

² ÔgnZÕ ¯’v‡b ÔgnvÕ nq| †hgb-

   gnr cÖvY hvi = gnvcÖvY                 gnr Avkq hvi = gnvkq

² †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ‡ÿ‡Î mg¯Íc‡` ÔKÕ hy³ nq| †hgb-

 b`x gvZv hvi = b`xgvZ…K                weMZ n‡q‡Q cZœx hvi = wecZœxK

 `„p cÖwZÁv hvi = `„pcÖZxÁ

² c~e©c‡` A-Kvi _vK‡j Av-Kvi nq| †hgb-wek¦ wgÎ hvi = wek¦ wgÎ

² cic‡` A-Kvi _vK‡j Av-Kvi nq| ‡hgb-wewPÎ Kg© hvi = wewPÎKg©v

² nvZ, MR, gb cÖf„wZ k‡ãi †k‡l ÔBÕ Kvi nq| †hgb-

wewPÎ Kg© hvi = wewPÎKg©v

² ÔAwÿÕ ¯’v‡b ÔAÿÕ nq| †hgb-

weiƒc Awÿ hvi = weiæcvÿ  wekvj Awÿ hvi = wekvjvÿ

Kg‡ji b¨vq Awÿ hvi = Kgjvÿ

² ÔbvwfÕ ¯’v‡b ÔbvfÕ nq| †hgb-Eb© bvwf‡Z hvi =  Eb©bvf

cÙ bvwf‡Z hvi = cÙbvf

²ÔabyÕ ¯’v‡b Ôaš^vÕ nq| †hgb-

c~®ú aby hvi = cy®‹aš^v         MvÛxe aby hvi = MvÛxeaš^v

² ÔRvqvÕ ¯’v‡b ÔRvwbÕ nq| †hgb-

            ‡`ex Rvqv hvi = †`eeRvwb   hyeZx Rvqv hvi = hyeRvwb

meûeªxwn mgv‡mi kÖYxwefvM : eûeªxwn mgvm‡K wewfbœ †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv †h‡Z c‡i| h_v :

1| mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn,                  6| AjyK eûeªxwn,

2| e¨vwaKiY eûeªxwn                       7| bT eûeªxwn,

3| ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn                   8| cÖZ¨qvšÍ eûeªxwn

4| msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn                     9| mnv_©K eûeªxwn

5| e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn                                    10| wbcvZ‡b wm× eûeªxwn

1| mgvbvwaKiY eûeªxwn : †h eûeªxwn mgv‡mi c~e©c` we‡klY Ges cic` we‡kl¨ nq, Zv‡K mgvbvwaKiY eûeªwn mgvm e‡j| †hgb-

 `„p cÖwZÁv hvi = `„pcÖZxÁ               ‡MŠo A½ hvi = †MŠiv½

 bxj emb hvi = bxjembv                K…Z AÄjx hvi = K…ZvÄwj

 †Lvk †gRvR hvi = †Lvk‡gRvRx

2| e¨waKiY eûeªxwn : we‡kl¨ I we‡kl¨ c‡`i wkj‡b †h mgvm nq, Zv‡K e¨waKiY eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| †hgb-

 exYv cvwY‡Z hvi = exYvcvwY             cv‡c gwZ hvi = cvcgwZ

 b`x gvZv hvi = b`xgvZ…K                e‡Rª cvwY‡Z hvi = eRªcvwY

Avkx‡ZZ wel hvi = Avkxwel

Giæc : †cUme©¯^, cÙbvf,Lon¯Í, DY©bvf, P›`ªPzo, K_vme©¯^, Nigy‡Lv, iZ¥Mf©v BZ¨vw`|

3| ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn : †h eûeªxwn mgv‡m e¨vmev‡K¨i e¨vL¨vg~jK ga¨c` †jvc cvq , Zv‡K ga¨c`‡jvcx eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| †hgb-

            ¯^‡Y©i g‡Zv Avfv hvi = ¯^b©vf

            we‡¤^i b¨vq Aai hvi = we¤^vaiv

            gyjvi b¨vq `uvZ Av‡Q hvi = gyjv`uvZx

1: weovjvÿx, weaygyLx, K‡cvZvÿ, Puv`e`bx, g„Mbqbv  BZ¨vw`|

4| msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn : hw` c~ec` msL¨vevPK nq, cic` we‡kl¨ nq Ges mg¯Í c`wU hw` we‡klY c` †evSvq, Zvn‡j Zv‡K msL¨vevPK eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| †hgb-

Pvi nvZ cwigvY hvi = PvinvwZ       

cuvP †mi cwigvb IRb hvi = cuvP‡mi

`yB bj hvi = `yÕbj                         c Avbb hvi = cÂvbbb

`k MR cwigvb hvi = `kMvwR

Giæc : kZw”Qbœ, GKZviv, mvZbwi, †Zcvqv

5| e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn : ci¯úi `ywU e¯‘ ev e¨w³i gv‡S GKB ai‡bi KvR †evSv‡j Zv‡K e¨wZnvi eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| G mgv‡m c~e©c‡` ÔAvÕ Ges cic‡` ÔBÕ †hvM nq| †hgb-ejvq ejvq †h K_v = ejvewj,  

Kv‡b Kv‡b †h K_v = KvbvKvwb                        jwV‡Z jvwV‡Z †h jovB = jvVvjvwV

eKvq eKvq †h evK hy×= eKvewK        Mjvq Mjvq †h wgj = MjvMwj

Giæc : nvmvnvwm, †KvjvKzwj, a¯Ívaw¯Í, nvZvnvwZ, †PvLv‡PvwL, NylvNywl BZ¨vw`|

6| AjyK eûeªxwn: †h eûeªxwn mgv‡m c~e©c` ev cic‡`i wefw³ †jvc cvq bv Zv‡K AjyK eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j|‡hgb-

gvavq cvMwo hvi = gv_vqcvMwo  Mv‡q njy` †`qv nq †h Abyôv‡b  = Mv‡qnjy`

Mjvq MvgQv hvi = MjvqMvgQv,   Kv‡b Lv‡Uv †h = Kv‡bLv‡Uv

nv‡Z Lwo †`qv nq †h Abyôv‡b = nv‡ZLwo

Giæc : Kv‡bKjg, nv‡Z‡ewo, gv_vqQvZv, gy‡LfvZ BZ¨vw`|

7| bT eûeªxwn : †h eûeªxwn mgv‡m c~e©c‡` bv-evPK Ae¨q _v‡K. Zv‡K bT eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| †hgb-bvB fzj hvi = wbf©yj       bvB AšÍ hvi = AbšÍ

bvB Avw` hvi = Abvw`                                 bvB nvqv hvi = †envqv

bvB ggZv hvi = wbg©g

Giæc: †eqv`e, †eZvi, ‡eBgvb, wb‡e©va, †eunyk, ARvbv BZ¨w`|

8| cÖZ¨qvšÍ eûeªxwn mgvm: †h eûeªxwn mgv‡mi  mg¯Í c‡` Av , G, I BZ¨vw` cÖZ¨q hy³ _v‡K, Zv‡K cÖZ¨qvšÍ eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j |‡hgb-

`yB w`‡K Uvb hvi = †`vUvbv,  wb t (bvB) LiP hvi = wbLi‡P

GK w`‡K †PvL hvi = GK‡PvLv, Db cvuRi hvi = DbcuvR‡i

Giæc : †`vgbv, A‡K‡Rv, nvwZïu‡ov, GKN‡i BZ¨vw`|9| mnv_©K eûeªxwn mgvm: mnv_©K ev Zzj¨ c‡`i mv‡_ we‡kl¨ c‡`i †h eûeªxwn mgvm nq, Zv‡K mnv_©K eûeªxwn mgvm e‡j| ‡hgb- ev܇ei mwnZ eZ©gvb = mevÜe             ev‡Ki

mv‡_ eZ©gvb = mevK                       ¯¿xi mwnZ eZ©gvb = m¯¿xK   

cwiev‡ii mwnZ eZ©gvb = mcwievi      A‡_©i mv‡_ eZ©gvb = mv_©K

1 : mwebq, mcyÎK, mkixi, mm¤§vb, mj¼viv BZ¨vw`|

10| wbcvZ‡b wm× eûeªxwn: †h eûeªxwn mgvm †Kv‡bv wbq‡gi Aax‡b bq Zv‡K wbcvZ‡b wm× eûexwn mgvm e‡j| †hgb-RxweZ †_‡KI g„Z †h = Rxeb¥„Z      AšÍM©Z Ac hvi = AšÍixc     bvivKv‡ii cï †h = bicï

`yw`‡K Ac hvi = Øxc          cwÛZ n‡qI †h = cÖwÛZg~L©

wظ mgvm

l msL¨vevPK kã c~‡e© e‡m mgwó ev mgvnvi ev wgjb †evSv‡j wظ mgvm nq| G mgv‡m mg¯Íc`wU we‡kl¨ c` nq| †hgb-

‡m (wZb) Zv‡ii mgvnvi = †mZvi       

c e‡Ui mgvnvi = cÂeXx,  wZb d‡ji mgvnvi = wÎdjv‡PŠ (Pvi) iv¯Ívi mgvnvi = †PŠiv¯Ív,  kZ A‡ãi mgvnvi = kZvãxmß Fwli mgvnvi = mßwl©,

‡PŠ (Pvwi) †gvnbvi mgvnvi = †PŠ‡gvnbv  wZb gv_vi mgvnvi = †Zgv_v

1 | beiZ¥, kZevwl©Kx, wÎc`xg cuvPkvjv,wÎfzeb, mvZmgy`ª, mvZbwi, `kw`MšÍ  BZ¨vw`|

wظ mgv‡m cÖ_g c`wU msL¨vevPK nq Ges cic`wU we‡kl¨ nq| mg¯Í c`wU Øviv mgwó  ev mgvnvi †evSvq Ges cic`wU GKwU we‡kl¨ c` nq|

Ae¨qxfve mgvm

ÔAe¨qxfveÕ A_© Ae¨‡qi fve eZ©gvb|

‡h mgv‡m c~e©c‡` Ae¨q _v‡K Ges Ae¨‡qi A_©B cÖavbiƒ‡c cÖZxqgvb nq, Zv‡K Ae¨qxfve mgvm e‡j|

Ae¨qxfve mgvm †Kej Ae¨‡qi A_©‡hv‡M e¨vmevK¨ MwVZ nq| †hgb-

ch©šÍ, Afve, cðvr, †hvM¨Zv, mv`„k¨, mgxc¨, exáv, Clr, ÿz`ª, we‡iva, AwZµvšÍ, AbwZµg¨Zv BZ¨w` A‡_© Ae¨qxfve mgvm nq|

ch©šÍ A‡_©- Rxeb †_‡K ch©šÍ = AvRxeb

cv †_‡K gv_v ch©šÍ = Avmgy`ª wngvPj

KÚ ch©šÍ = AvKÚ   mgy`ª n‡Z wngvPj = Avmgy`ª wngvPj

Afve A‡_©-wg‡ji Afve = Miwgj        Avwg‡li Afve = wbivwgl

wfÿvi Afve = `ywf©ÿ                      R‡bi Afve  = wbR©b

cðvr A‡_©- µ‡gi cðr =Abyµg         cðvr aveb = Abyaveb

Zv‡ci cðvr = AbyZvc                    cðr Mgb = AbyMgb

‡hvM¨Zv A‡_©-‡cÖiYvi †hvM¨ = Aby‡cÖiYv

¸‡Yi †hvM¨ = Aby¸Y                       iƒ‡ci †hvM¨ = Abyiƒc

fv‡ei †hvM¨ = Abyfve

mv`„k¨ A‡_©-Øx‡ci m`„k = DcØxc        b`xi m`„k = Dcb`x

e‡bi m`„k = Dceb                                    fvlvi m`„k = Dcfvlv

kn‡ii m`„k = Dckni

mvgxc¨ A‡_©-K‡Úi mgx‡c = DcKÚ      Awÿi mgx‡c = mgÿ                      Kz‡ji mgx‡c = DcK~j         bMixi mgx‡c= DcbMix

exáv A‡_©- w`b w`b = cÖwZw`b           ÿY ÿY = AbyÿY

‡ivR †ivR = ni‡ivR                                   eQi eQi = wd- eQi

Clr A‡_©-Clr bZ = AvbZ                           Clr iw³g = Aviw³g

ÿz`ª A‡_©-ÿz`ª A½   = cÖZ¨½                          ÿz`ª wefvM = DcwefvM

ÿz`ª kvLv = cÖkvLv                                      ÿz`ª b`x = Dcb`x

we‡iva A‡_©-weiæ× K~j = cÖwZK~j                     weiæ× ev` = cÖwZev`

AwZµvšÍ A‡_©-‡ejv‡Z AwZµvšÍ = D‡Øj            k„•Ljv AwZµvšÍ = D”Q…•Lj

AbwZµg¨Zv A‡_©-  ixwZ‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = hZvixwZ

kv¯¿‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = h_vkv¯¿        mva¨‡K AwZµg  bv K‡i = h_vmva¨

B”Qv‡K AwZµg bv K‡i = h‡_”Qv

mgvm wbY©‡qi Dcvq: cÖ`Ë c‡`i e¨vmevK¨ wj‡L mgvm wbY©q Ki‡Z nq Ges mgv‡mi bvg wjL‡Z nq| e¨vmevK¨ n‡e c‡`i A‡_©i mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© Ges e¨vmevK¨ AbymiYxq n‡qB mgv‡mi bvg wba©vwiZ nq| Kv‡RB mgvm wbY©‡qi mgq mwVK e¨vmev‡K¨i cÖwZ jÿ ivL‡Z nq| ‡hgb-

c`         e¨vmevK¨                        mgv‡mi bvg

       wÎdjv-     wÎ(wZb ) d‡ji mgvnvi-           wظmgvm

Av‡jvP¨ welq t ePb

ePb A_© msL¨vi avibv| e¨vKi‡Y we‡kl¨ I me©bv‡gi msL¨vi aviYv cÖKv‡ki DcvB‡K ePb e‡j|

evsjv fvlvq ePb `yB cÖKvit- 1. GKePb

                                    2. eûePb

1. GKePbt- †h kã Øviv †Kv‡bv cÖvwY, e¯‘, ev e¨w³i GKwUgvÎ msL¨vi aviYv nq  Zv‡K GKePb e‡j| †hgbt-†m G‡jv, †g‡qwU ¯‹z‡j hvqwb, Wv³vi iæMx †`L‡Q BZ¨vw`|

2. eûePbt-†h kã Øviv †Kv‡bv cÖvwY, e¯‘, ev e¨w³i G‡Ki AwaK msL¨vi aviYv nq  Zv‡K eûePb e‡j| †hgbt- Zviv †Mj, †g‡qiv †Ljv K‡I, †jv‡K e‡j BZ¨vw`|

evsjv fvlvq e¨eüZ GKePb I eûePb evPK kãt-

GKePb evPK	wU, Uv, Lvbv, Lvwb
eûePb evPK	iv, ¸‡jv, ¸wj, ¸jv, w`M, †`i, cÖf…wZ, wefw³ hy³ nq Ggb mKj kã, me, mKj, mygy`q, Kzj, e„›`, eM©, wbPq, ivwR, ivwk, cvj, `vg, wbKi, gvjv, Avewj, cÖf…wZ mgywó‡evaK kã e¨eüZ nq|

eûePb Kivi wbqgt-

=) DbœZ cÖvwYKvPK gbyl¨ k‡ãi eûeP‡b e¨eüZ kã:-

eûePb evPK kã	cÖ‡qvM/ e¨envi
MY	‡`eMY,biMY, RbMY, MYKei
e„›`	myaxe„›`, f³e„›`, wkÿKe„›`
gÛjx	wbe©vPKgÛjx, wkÿKgÛjx, m¤úv`KgÛjx
eM©	cwÛZeM,gwš¿eM©©

=) AcÖvwYKvPK gbyl¨ k‡ãi eûeP‡b e¨eüZ kã:-

eûePb evPK kã	cÖ‡qvM/ e¨envi	eûePb evPK kã	cÖ‡qvM/ e¨envi
cyÄ	‡gNcyÄ, ØxccyÄ	¸”Q	KweZv¸”Q,‡Kk¸”Q
Gvjv	ce©Zgvjv, eY©gvjv	`vg	Kzmyg`vg,‰kevj`vg
ivwk	evwjivwk,Rjivwk	wbKvi	KgjwbKvi
ivwR	ZviKvivwR, e„ÿivwR	wbPq	KzmygwbPq
Aewj	cy¯‘Kvewj, c`vewj	MÖvg	MÛMÖvg

=) wewfbœ msL¨v MYbvevPK, µgevPK, I ZvwiLevPK kã mg~n:-

msL¨v	MbYvevPK	µg/ c~ivYevPK	ZvwiLevPK
1	GK	cÖ_g	1jv (cqjv)
2	`yB	WØZxq	2iv (‡`vmiv)
3	wZb	Z…Zxq	3iv (†Zmiv)
4	Pvi	PZz_©	4Vv (†PŠVv)
5	cvuP	cÂg	5B (cuvPB)
6	Qq	lô	6B (QDB)
7	mvZ	mßg	7B (mvZB)
8	AvU	Aóg	8B (AvUB)
9	Bq	Beg	9B (bDB)
10	`k	`kg	10B (`kB)
50	cÂvk	cÂvkZg
100	GKkZ	kZZg
1000	nvRvi	mn¯ªZg

Av‡jvP¨ welq t wØiæ³ kã

wØiæ³ A_© `y,evi D³ n‡q‡Q Ggb| evsjv fvlvq †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv kã c` ev AbyKvi kã, GKevi e¨envi Ki‡j †h A_© cÖKvk K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K `y,evi e¨envi Ki‡j Ab¨ †Kv‡bv m¤úªmvwiZ A_© cÖKvk K‡i| GKB kã cici `y,evi e¨eüZ n‡j Zv‡K wØiæ³ kã e‡j| †hgb-‡ivR †ivR, w`b w`b, Vv Vv, kb kb, c‡_ c‡_ BZ¨vw`|

MVbMZ w`K †_‡K wØiæ³ wZb cÖKvit-

1.k‡ãi wØiæw³

2. c‡`i wØiæw³

3. AbyKvi Ae¨‡qi wØiæw³

1.k‡ãi wØiæw³t-GKB kã ci ci `y-evi e¨eüZ n‡q wewkó A_© cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv‡K k‡ãi wØiæw³ e‡j| †hgb- Pzwc Pzwc, kxZ kxZ, jvjb cvjb, ixwZ-bxwZ|

2. c‡`i wØiæw³tÑev‡K¨I g‡a¨ wefw³hy³ c‡`I cybive„wË NU‡j Zv‡K c‡`I wØiæw³ e‡j| †hgb- `‡‡k-‡`‡k, f‡q-f‡q, nv‡Z-bv‡Z, `y‡a-fv‡Z|

3. AbyKvi Ae¨‡qi wØiæw³t- ‡hme aŸwbm~PK wØiæ³ kã †Kvb aŸwb ev AvIqv‡Ri  AbyK…wZ‡Z wØiæw³ cÖKvk K‡I, Zv‡`i‡K ejv nq AbyKvi Ae¨‡qi wØiæw³| †hgb- SgSg, kbkb, fbfb, KjKj|