Verb and its calss
Verb
Lecture 14
Bs‡iwR ev‡K¨ Verb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Part of speech g~jZ Verb ‡Kvb Complete sentence MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Sentence – G Verb subject Gi person I number Ges tense ‡f‡` wewfbœ iƒc MÖnY
K‡i| ev‡K¨ Verb Gi e¨envi
Abyhvqx Verb Gi form †K finit I non-finit G `y‡Uv bv‡g AwfwnZ
Kiv nq| ev¨envi Kv‡j Verb ‡K G `y‡Uv fv‡M wef³ Kiv
hvq| GQvov Verb Gi object I complement MÖnY I eR©‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i Verb †K Transitive ,
Intransitive Verb Ges linking
G `y‡Uv bv‡g wef³ Kiv nq| G¸‡jvi mvaviY web¨vm
I we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj: Verb n‡”Q Sentence Gi essential part KviY Verb e¨ZxZ †Kvb Sentence MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
Finit and Non –Finit
Finit Verb: Finit Verb ev mgvwcKv wµqv Subject ev KZ©vi number Ges Person Gi Øvi mxgve× Ges Tense Abymv‡i Zvi iƒ‡ci cwvieZ©b nq|‡hgb: Aminul
goe to PCC Coching Center.
Nonfinit Verb: GKwU Non finit Verb ‡Kvb Finit Verb Gi gZ Subject ev KZ©vi number Ges Person Gi Øvi mxgve× bv
,ZvB G‡K Non finit Verb e‡j|‡hgb: Rashed goes to PCC
Coching Center to learn
English.
Non-finit verb wZb cÖKvi
h_v:-
(1) Infinit (2)
Gerund (D) Participle
Principal Verb
‡h Verb ¯^vwabfv‡e ev‡K¨i A_© m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K Principal ev Main Verb e‡j|
Principal Verb ‡Pbvi Dcvq
1.
†Kvb ev‡K¨
GKwUgvÎ Verb _vK‡j Zv
Aek¨B Main /Principal Verb nq|
‡hgb: I
am in class twelve , Idid the work.
2.
ev‡K¨ s/es hy³ GKwU gvÎ Verb _vK‡j Zv Aek¨B Main /Principal Verb nq|
‡hgb: Rana
goes to School.
3.
Auxiliary
verb Gi c‡ii Verb wU principal verb nq|
‡hgb: We
should obey the laws.
01. No sentence can be foarmed without the
____
A.
Transitive
Verb B . Principal verb C. Factitive verb D. Intransitive verb
02. We should obey the laws . Here the ‘verb’ is _____
A.
Principal
B. finite C. non finite D. auxiliary
03. I am in class twelve . Here ‘am’ is___
A.
Congnate verb B.
princepal verb D. auxiliary verb D. factitive verb
04. Nothing lasts forever . What type of verb
is ‘last’ in this sentence ?
A.
Auxiliary
verb B. participal C. Main verb D. Modal auxiliary.
Transitive Verb
Tips
Object `yB cÖKvi
(i)Direct Object
(e¯Í evPK Kg©)
(i)Indirect Object (e¨w³evPK Kg©)
|
01.
Mother
loves me. Here ‘love’ is an example of the___
A.
Tansitive
verb B. Intransitive
verb C. Simple verb D. Auxiliary verb
02.
He
took shelter under a tree . Here the verb ‘took’ is ____
A.
Transitive
B. intransitive C. Both ‘a’ and ‘b’ D. Neither ‘a’ nor ‘b’
Intransitive Verb
‡h Verb Gi Object Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv, Zv‡K intransitive verb e‡j|
ev‡K¨ Gi c‡i verb †Kvb word bv _vK‡j A_ev verb Gi c‡i Adverb _vK‡j verb wU Aek¨B Intransitive n‡e|
01. She sleeps . Here the word ‘sleep’ is
a_____
A.
Intransitive
verb B. Transitive verb C. Be verb D. Linking verb
02. Mother laughs. Here ‘laughs’ is ___
A.
Intransitive
B.
Auxiliary verb C.
Tansitive verb D. Causative verb
03. River flows . What kind of verb flows’is
?
A.
Intransitive
B.Transitive D. Causative Verb D. Copulative
04. Fire burns .What kind of verb ‘burn’ is
___
A.
Intransitive
B.
Transitive C.
Causitive D. copulative
Infinitive
Verb – Gi Present form –Gi c~‡e© to emv‡j †h form nq †mB form ‡K Infinit e‡j| hLwU GKwU sentence G `ywU verb GKmv‡_ e‡m ZLb
wØZxq verb Gi mv‡_ Infinit †hvM Ki‡Z nq|
‡hgb: The wether tends to improve in May.
To rest in the afternoon is a custom in many countries.
Aim
|
Afford
|
Appear
|
Want
|
Ask
|
Arrange
|
Care
|
Choose
|
Claim
|
Consent
|
Dare
|
Decide
|
Decline
|
Demand
|
Deserve
|
Desire
|
Expect
|
Fail
|
Guarantee
|
Happen
|
Intend
|
Know
|
Learn
|
Hope
|
Need
|
Offer
|
Plan
|
Mange
|
Prepare
|
pretend
|
Promise
|
Pledge
|
Resoleve
|
seem
|
Tend
|
Refuge
|
Swear
|
Volunteer
|
wait
|
Struggle
|
Question of Previous
Years
01. In the past people used _____ on
horseback.
A.
to
travel B. traveling C. travel D. traveled
02. Almost every one fails ____ on the first
try.
A.
in
passing the driving test B.
to pass driver’s test
C. to have passed his driver’s test D. passing his drever’s test.
03. Anarchists believe that political
institutions are not necessary ___ people.
A.
to
have governing B. that governing C. governing D. to govern
04. I want ___ careful with your homework in
future.
A.
you
be C. you to be C. that you are D. you will be.
05. He advesed me ___smoking.
A.
giving
up B. to give up C. on giving up D. from giveng up.
E. govern
Infinitive in
Details
Use of Infinitive
|
Example
|
1.
subject of a verb
|
To err is human
|
2.
Object to a verb
|
They like to play football
|
3.
Object of a preposition
|
Rana is about to die.
|
‘To err is human’here the subject is used as
___
A.
An
infinitive B. A noun C. A clause D. An adjective
Types of Infinitive
Infinitive Verb Gi eY©bv : MVbMZ w`K w`‡q GwU‡K 4 fv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq|
1.
Full
infinitive 2.
Bare infinitive
3. Anaphoric
infinitive 4. Split
infinitive.
A. Full
infinitive: Verb Gi Base form Gi Av‡M to ewm‡q †h infinitive Kiv nq Zv‡K Full infinitive e‡j| A_©vr
To + Verb (Base form) ‡hgb:
1.
It
is easy to learn English. 2. This
tea is too hot to drink.
B. Bare
Infinitive:- Bare infinitive GKwU Item wb‡q MwVZ nq| Avi
†mwU nj verb Gi c~‡e©
†Kvb to e‡m bv|‡hgb:-
1. Munir saw him cross the road.
2. They watched the ship sink.
Note: Av‡gwiKvb Bs‡iwR‡Z
mvaviYZ bare infinitive nq|
Use of Bare
Infinitive
01. Let verb Gici Passive voice G to e‡m bv |‡hgbt
(i)
Active
voice: I let him go.
(ii)
Passive
voice: He was let go.
02. Had better /had rather .............GB¸‡jvi ci to Dn¨ _v‡K| †hgb:-
(i)
Rashed
helped me carry/to carry the laggage.
(ii)
Rashed
helped me find/to find my
purse.
03. But /exept Gici bare infinitive nq|‡hgbt-
(i)
They
have nothing to do but weep
(ii)
Rashed
did everything exept kill me.
C.
Anaphoric infinitive: wKQz mgq to + verb A_©vr Full infinitive Gi cwie‡Z©
ïay to ‡K Full infinitive Gi
cÖwZ¯’vcK wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|Avi GUv‡KB Anaphoric infinitive ejv nq| D`vniYt-
(i) Would she like
to have a cup of tea? Yes she would love to . (to have tea)
(i) Rashed
didn’twant to go to the cinema but he had to (to go)
(iii) She wanted to
lock up the house but she forgot to. (to) lock up house.
D. Split infinitive: Avgiv Rvwb infinite `yBwU item Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq A_©vr to + verb hLb `ywU As‡k wef³ n‡q hvq Ges GKwU Adverb
Gi gvSLv‡b e‡m,ZLb Zv‡K Split infinitive e‡j †hgb: I told him quickly do it.
Gerund
‘ing’ hy³ †Kvb verb form GKwU sentence G GKmv‡_ Verb I Noun - Gi KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡j
Zv‡K Gerund e‡j| Av‡iv
fvjfv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ just have a look to
the following.
Example:
Walking
is good for health.
I
preferred traveling alone.
1. cÖ_g example -G ‘walk’ verb-Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ n‡q ‘walking’ MwVZ n‡q‡Q| ‘wakling’ Øviv GLv‡b ÕnvUvÕ
KvRwU eySv‡”Q Ges Zv GKB mv‡_ (is) , verb –Gi subject A_©vr Noun Gi KvR Kivq ÕWalking’ GLv‡b Gerund n‡q‡Q|
2. wØZxq example G traveling Øviv ågY KvRwU
eySv‡”Q Ges GKB mv‡_ It was working as
the object of the verb ‘prefer’ verb Gi object wn‡m‡e memgq noun emvq ‘traveling’ GLv‡bI GKB
mv‡_ verb I Noun Gi KvR K‡i‡Q weavq
GKwU Gerund.
Functions of the
Gerund
1. Subject ev object wn‡m‡e Gerund e‡m GgZve¯’vq Verb +ing Noun Gi KvR K‡i|
‡hgb: i. Raeding is an excellent way of ecquiring
knowledge.
ii.
Paul enjoyed walking on the corridor at TSC.
2. Preposition Gi ci verb + ing A_©vr Gerund n‡e|
Incorrect: David should not take any decision
without to know the fact.
Correct: David should not take any decision without
knowing the fact.
Verbs That Take only
Gerund
Acknowledge
|
Admit
|
Advice
|
Defer
|
Recommend
|
Appreciate
|
Consider
|
Defend
|
Anticipate
|
Delay
|
Deny
|
Detest
|
Dislike
|
Ecdure
|
Enjoy
|
Escape
|
Excuse
|
Feel
|
Like
|
Finish
|
Discuss
|
Imagine
|
Involve
|
Keep
|
Mention
|
Mind
|
Miss
|
Need
|
Omit
|
Postpone
|
Practice
|
Prevent
|
Quit
|
Rcall
|
Recollect
|
Avoid
|
Regret
|
Resent
|
Resist
|
Resume
|
Understand
|
Suggest
|
Tolerate
|
Risk
|
Questions of
Previous Years
01. Choose the correct Sentence-
A.
She
is considering not to going B.
She is considering not going
C. She is considering not to go D.
She is considering to not go.
E. He is considered
to not going.
02. The government is consedering ____ a new
international airport.
A.
to
build B. building C. to have build D. for building D. that build
03. Teachers dislike ____the examination
routine as much as students do.
A.
changing B. change C. having D.
to be changed
04. I regret ____ to the University.
A.
not
to go B. not gone C. not going D. not have go.
05. I regret___ Marzina about the wedding.
A.
tell B. to tell C. telling D. to telling.
06. He hates ____ the phone and very often
lets it_____
A.
attending,off B. answering,ring C. ringing , off D. holding ,ring
07. It was ___ funny ,I ____stop___.
A.
Too,cannot,
lughing too. B.
too, had not , to lugh
C. very, could not ,laughing D. very ,
would not ,to laugh.
08. She tried to be serious but she could ‘t
help____.
A.
laughing B. to laugh B. laugh D. that to laugh
Verbs that take both
Gerund & Infinitive
Attempt
|
Forget
|
cease
|
Prefer
|
Continue
|
Propose
|
Love
|
Remember
|
Hate
|
Neglect
|
Try
|
See
|
Begin
|
Can/Can’t Stand
|
Can/Can’t bear
|
Example:
Jack
forgets to take out the cat.(He regularly forgets).
Jack
forgets taking out the cat. ( He did it, but he does’t remember nou.)
Jack
remembers taking to take out the cat. (He regularly remembers.)
Jack
remembers taking out the cat. (He did it, and he remembers nou.)
Words with
Preposition (to) Take Gerund
Be Used To
|
Be Accustomed To
|
Look froward to
|
adapt to
|
object to
|
adjust to
|
Object to
|
In addition to
|
With a view to
|
Example:
I
have been looking forward to meetin you.
He
would’t ming waiting.
I
am accustomed to getting up early.
I
am used to studying at deep nigh.
Question of Previous
Years
01. Walking is a good habit .Here ‘walking’
is a/an__
A.
noun B. Gerund C. Verb D. adverb
02. ___ is considered a serious crime.
A.
Shoplift B. Shoplifiting C. Shoplifter D. To shoplifting
03. HE found parking is difficult .here
‘parking’used as ___
A.
Past
continuous B. Gerund C. Participle D. Progressive tense
04. Walking is the morning is good for
health.This is:
A.
an
example of gerund B.
an example of infinitive
C. an exampleof participle D. an example of
verbal noun
E. Noun of these
05. Do you enjoy teaching? The
underlined word is a ___
A.
noun B. a participle C. a gerund D. an adjective
06. He avoided making the same mistakes again . The underlined word is
an/an __
A.
auxiliary
verb B. object C. participle D. gerund
07. There is no credit in earning
money illegally .The unerlined word is__
A.
Past
participle B. Gerund C. Infinit D. present continuou
08. In’without shopping ‘stopping’ is __
A.
A
verb B. a gerund C. an adjective D. an infinitive
09. By working hard ,you can prosper .Here
‘working’is a __
A.
Participle B. common noun C. gerund d. present participle
10. He is fond of riding. Here gerund is used
as ___
A.
The
subject of verb C.
The object of verb
C. Part of compound
noun D. The
object of preposition
11. My fabourite activity is reading .Here
‘reading’ is a ___
A.
Object
B. complement C. Gerund D. Verbal noun
Participle
Participle n‡jv Ggb
GKwU Verb form hv GKm‡½ Verb I Adjective Gi KvR Ki|
Example: Verb + ing hw` GKB mv‡_ Adejective I Verb Gi KvR K‡i Zv‡K Participle e‡j| †hgb: The child came to
its mother running . GLv‡b runnng
Øviv Ae¯’vb eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr Ò †Kgb Ae¯’vq
Ó †Mj †`Šov‡Z †`Šov‡Z mZivs running kãwU‡K Adjective Ab¨w`‡K Verb ZvB runnng nj Participle.
Types of Participle
1. Present Participle verb + ing Participle Gi KvR K‡i |
1.
A
moving stone gathers no moss.
2.
Kamal
saw a laughing girl.
2. Past Participle v3 Paticciple Gi KvR K‡i | †hgb:-
1.
Angered
by the lack of progress in contract negotiations, the chairman rebuked
everybody.
3. Perfect Participle having +V3 Participle Gi KvR K‡i| †hgb:
1.
Having said what Zaman wanted to say ,Kamal left the place.
Forms of Participle
1.
Present
participle: (verb+ ing ) ‡hgb:- Running , Sleeping.
2.
Past
participle : (verb + d/ed/en) ‡hgb:- liked, worked,seen.
3.
Perfect
participle : (having + past participle) ‡hgb:- Having finished,having passed.
4.
Present
(passinve) : (being + past participle) ‡hgb:- being typed/printed /written.
5.
Perfect
(passive) : (having been + past participle) Ex: Having been typed /printed
/written.
01. Do not get down from a running train. Here
running is a ___
A. gerund B.
Participle C. Verbal noun D.
infinitive
02. I
joined the riding school. Here ‘rindin’ is a __
A.
Participle B. verbal noun C. infinitive D. gerund
03. ‘she
went away dancying .’ Here ‘dancing’ is ___
A.
an adjective B. a
gerund C. an infinitive D. a persent participle
04. The
rain came pouring in formants.
A.
Present participle B. perfect
participle C. past participle D. None.
Participle Gi e¨envi
1.
Verb
wn‡m‡e:
A.
Present
participle GwU Continuous tence G e¨eüZ nq| †hgb: Kamal is/was /will
be playing.
B.
Past
participe e¨eüZ nq perfect G †hgb: Zaman had/has/will
have stolen my watch.
C.
Be
+ past participle GwU Passive voice G e¨eüZ nq|‡hgb: Letters are being
typed.
D.
Have
+ past participle perfect infinitive. ‡hgb:-You ought to have obeyed your parents.
2.
Adjectiv
e wn‡m‡e:
A.
Participle
(presents/past) noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m| ‡hgb:- He killed a flying bird.
B.
Participle
(Present /past) predicative wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ
nq|‡hgb:- This story is interesting.
3.
Adverb
wn‡m‡e:
Zaman felt tired
because she worked very hard.
Having worked hard
felt tired.
Confusing Verbs
KwZcq Verb Ges Noun Gi c~‡e© Make e‡m| Avevi KwZcq Verb Ges Noun Gi c~‡e© do e‡m| GB me Noun Ges Verb mg~n‡K g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
Do
|
Make
|
|
research
|
a profit
|
to prifit
|
work
|
a promise
|
to promise
|
an assignment
|
an agreement
|
to agree
|
the dishes
|
an announncement
|
to announce
|
a four
|
an attempt
|
to attempt
|
homework
|
a decition
|
to decide
|
the laundry
|
a discovery
|
to discover
|
a paper
|
an offer
|
to offer
|
Example:
Incorrect :
Have you done any interesting discoveries while you were diong your reaserch.
Correct :
Have you made any interesting discoveries while you were doing
your reaserch.
Incorrect :
I really don’t mind making the homework for this class.
Correct :
I really don’t mind doing the homework for this class.
Incorrect :
Did you do a mistake?
Correct :
Did you make a mistake?
Incorrect :
Are they doing progress on the new road ?
Correct :
Are the making progress on the
road ?
Incorrect :
Please make me a favor
Correct :
Please do me a favor.
Simple Question:
The president do a statement ___ unless his
press secretary approves it.
A.
does’nt
do a statement B.
doesn’t make a statement C.
does’t statemerr
D. no statement E.
any of statement can be used.
Lie/lay, Rise/Raise and Sit/Set GB Verb ¸‡jv †Lv` Native English
Speaker - ‡`i †ÿ‡ÎI mgm¨v m„wó K‡i| GB mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
GKgvÎ Dcvq n‡jv, †Kvb Verb ¸‡jv Transitive Ges †Kvb Verb ¸‡jv intransitive Zv g‡i ivLv|
g‡b ivL‡e,
Intransitive
|
|||
rise
lie
sit
|
rose
lay
sat
|
risen
lian
sat
|
rising
lying
sitting
|
Transitive
|
|||
raise
lay
set
|
raised
laid
set
|
raised
laid
set
|
raising
laying
setting
|
Exercise on Infinitive and Gerund
1.
Do
you enjoy (to watch) ___ movies?
2.
When
we finish (to drink) ___ our coffee, we’ll probably go home.
3.
Mike
postponed ( to get) ___ dressed for the party.
4.
When
Cage was a students ,she awlays put off (to finish) __ her homework.
5.
Some
students postpone ( to do) __ their homework latter.
6.
Have
you finished (do) ___ the exercise?
7.
My
teacher insists on (write) ___ many articles every week.
8.
Enjoy
( do) ___ a lot of revisions and make it fun.
9.
Our
school does’nt allow (use) ___ mobile phones during classes.
10. I deny (make) __ a list of the vends
folloed by gerund is incongruent.
11. I am sorry for (say) ___that.
12. I am ready to (leave) ___the place.
13. She complled me (help) ___her.
14. I regret (inform) ___them of the fact.
15. Despite that small problem, Sava enjoyed
(walk) ___
16. Do you remember (give) __me your
dictionary yeaterday.
17. Our Ecglish teacher found a student
(cheat) ___ in the test weak.
18. I am looking forward to (hear) __ a lot
of work.
19. I really don’t care for( do) ___ a lot of
work.
20. You should keep (work) despite
difficulties.
Previous Years
Questions Based on Non –Finite Verbs
01. He hates ___kept___.
A.
to
be, waiting B. being,
wait C. to be ,to want D. to, waiting.
02. ____ is considered a serious crime.
A.
Shoplift B. To shoplifting C. Shoflifter D. Shoplifting.
03. Find out the incorrect part.
Kabita intends to starting her own software
business in a fewyears.
A.
intends B.
starting C. software D. few
04. The government is consedering – a new
international airport.
A.
to
built B.
building C. to have
built D.
for building.
05. Anarchist belived that political
institutions are not neccessary ___ people.
A.
to
have governing B. that
governs C. Governing D. to govern
E.
Govern
06. Choose the correct sentence.
A.
The
girl laughingly enterned the room. B.
The girl enterned laughign the room.
C. The girl laughed
and enterned the room D.
The girl enterned the room laughin.
E. The girl laughed
entering the room.
07. Almost every one fails ....... the first
try.
A.
in
passing the driving test B.
to pass his driveing.
C. to have passed his driver’s test D. passing the
driver’s test
08. Walking in the morning is good for health. This
(walking) is __
A.
an
example of gerund B.
an example of infinitive
B.
an
example of participle D.
an example of verbal noun
09. A “Gerund” does the work of
A.
a
verb and a noun B.
a verb and an adjective
C. A verb and a adverb D. a verb
and a conjunction
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